The Bible Is Not Only One More Book - 1337 Words

The Bible is the top rated book ever, however its a given that its an alternate pot of fish than your normal John Grisham thriller. For some Christians, the Bible is not Only one more Book , it is The Good Book , containing the most fundamental truths about existence. What number of other New York Times (books that offer extremely well) can make these cases? A couple of self improvement manuals, perhaps, however absolutely very few different books. Obviously, the Bible never makes it onto the New York Times (book that offers exceptionally well) records. This pesters numerous on the religious right. At the same time, I can t help suspecting that they are forgetting a fairly essential issue: does the Bible have a place on the fiction list, or the true to life list? Numerous Christians would guarantee that it has a place on the exact opposite thing simply specified. At the point when the Bible says that the individuals who have been (had his testicles evacuated) (most likely while kid s, by the Church...) won t be permitted into paradise, we are to take that as the exacting truth. Additionally, when it lets us know that Joseph s dad (Jesus granddad) was called Jacob that is the manner by which it really happened. However the perspective that the Bible is impeccable (ordinarily known as fundamentalism ) confronts some imperative issues, not the slightest of which is that the Bible seems to conflict with itself with disquieting recurrence. Despite the fact that IShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Bible Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesCanonization of the Bible The process by which the English Bible, as it is known to the English culture today, was compiled is an extraordinary thing to see. The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The process by which both Testaments were written and then canonized into one book transpired over a period of many years. Once the canonization of the Bible officially came to an end, it was translated into English. Since then, many versions of the modern Bible have been madeRead MoreAnalysis Of Bible Class Offered At Ohio Valley1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Bible class offered at Ohio Valley University, I will be conducting a book review over the book How to Read the Bible for all its Worth by Gordon D. Fee Douglas Stuart published by Zondervan Publishing in 2014. In addition to reading the book, I have learned several new things and also learned the authors argument in how reading the Bible is important. Furthermore, the book How to Read the Bible for all its Worth helps to inform people on how to understand the book of the Bible and howRead MoreGood News Bible : The Testament And The New Testament1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"Bible† is an interesting one as it potentially encompasses many different entities. There are thousands of versions of the Bible, many arranged and presented in a variety of ways. They vary physically in content, and as I recently discovered aren t necessarily Christian. Below I delve into a rather interesting version of the book published in 1976 by HarperCollins (in conjunction with the American Bible Society). Good News Bible is a compilation of the Old Testament and the New TestamentRead MoreBiblical Inspiration By Howard Marshall1321 Words   |  6 PagesThis book review is from the readings of Biblical Inspiration by Howard Marshall. The book is published by Regent College Publishing located in Vancouver, and British Columbia published the book in 2004. The book is braces around the interpretation of the Bible, and the inspiration of the Bible in our lives of today. There are many questions that are brought up the book, and these include: Is the Bible infallible? How do we interpret the Bible today? is its inspiration believable in and biblicalRead MoreWho Wrote The Bible?937 Words   |  4 PagesWho Wrote the Bible? The Bible is among one of the most popular books published and sold all around the world. One questions seems to always be asked. Is the Bible accurate? Were there different authors or just one? In Richard Elliott Friedman’s book, he has answered that question and a plethora of more. The Bible is one of the most studied and prominent books that this world processes. Friedman argues that there is more than just one author when it comes to the Bible. Friedman is able to offerRead MoreThree Different Gods Essay example1374 Words   |  6 Pagespeople want to make Him out to be. Three books which all depict a particular type of god all portray either the way people should live their lives or the passages to eternal life. These three books are the Bhagavad-Gita, the Holy Bible, and the Koran. All of these books show their god to have specific characteristics and laws that lead these religions to differ or compare to each other. Out of these three omnipotent gods, I can relate to the god in the Bible more because his teaching goes beyond wordsRead MoreBible : The Gutenberg Bible1011 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most important books in the history of design is The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the Mazarin Bible and the 42-Line Bible. It is often considered one of the first notable books to have been printed because unlike early books, this book was printed with movable type. Invented by Johann Gutenberg, his invention changed the course of technology and the way people gained knowledge forever. The earliest form of printing known is the application of signet stones. This was used in ancient timesRead MoreValidity Of The New Testament Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesgo through protocols for getting their theories accepted, the books in the bible have to as well to be considered a scripture. This process would be known as canonicity. Canonicity is the standard that books had to meet to be recognized as a book of the bible. In the New Testament, just because a book was written it was not just accepted in the bible. It had to go through guidelines as well. According to Bible.org, deciding which books were inspired seems like a human process (bible.org). The ChristiansRead MoreThe Bible Is The Only Truth1574 Words   |  7 PagesI was raised in a Christian home and taught that the Bible is the only truth, â€Å"The Word of God.† I was encouraged to not put my trust in men, because men will always make mistakes, but trust in God, because he is perfect. I solemnly believed that in order to trust in God, I had to obey the Bible. When I was 18 years old, I became a volunteer translator for a non-denominational American religious organization in Brazil. During that time, I visited hundreds of churches in many Brazilian states. AmericanRead MoreIslam And Christianity : Christianity And Islam1684 Words   |  7 Pagesfollow by a sacred book of their God’s word although the Bible is also written by many other authors . They both also have a designated place of worship. Christians gather in a church although the bible does not specifically talk about attending church. Muslims, on the other hand, gather at a mosque that the Qur’an says they should attend as often as possible. Christians follow the bible to guide their way towards Jesus Christ. It is made up of sixty-six different books which are divided up

Analysis Of Rene Descartes Theory Of God Essay - 1514 Words

For generations in time, the approximative belief of God in conceptual value has been imbued in the heart of the human race as a core valve in man’s history. From antiquity to contemporary modernism, there has always been a diversified integration composed of believers and non-believers of God. The assemblage of those who have â€Å"pledged their allegiance† to God foster a like-minded relation to one religious group or another. On the other hand, â€Å"rationalist - freethinkers† as I would like to call them, postulate the perception of God to be inexplicable and therefore attempt to pursue the answers by means of scientific methods. In proportional relation to our modern day life with the development of technology and advancement of sciences, we still have not found the correlative response to the question â€Å"does God exist?†. Amidst the range of philosophers and scholars who have attempted to answer this question, we shall examine Renà © Descartesâ €™ approach on the concept of God. Having a firm conviction to catholicism, Descartes, unprovided with doubt, held strong regards to the existence of God. He makes the aforementioned clear in the introduction of â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy†. Descartes addresses that we must hold to regard strong convictions of our faith in God and his existence thereof, because it is so instructed in the Holy Writings, and, conversely, that we, in preconditioned nature must have a certitude of faith in the Word because it has been divinely materializedShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 PagesRenà © Descartes was a French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher of the 16th Century, who, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"was one of the first to abandon scholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theor y on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship betweenRead MoreEssay about Rene Descartes Faith and Reason1292 Words   |  6 PagesRene Descartes Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to question everything. The ScientificRead MoreThe Life of Rene’ Descartes: His Works and His Beliefs in God1578 Words   |  7 PagesWas Rene’ Descartes just a visionary of truth, mathematical equations or was he truly a man that knew he was born to tell the world about life, knowledge, and how it all came together metaphorically? Please see the research on Rene’ Descartes cited accomplishments. Descartes was known as the first modern philosopher. Famous for making a connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for solving of geometrical problem by way of algebraic equations, which promoted a new conception of matterRead MoreDescartes Mind and Body1480 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes’ Mind Body Dualism Rene Descartes’ main purpose is to attempt to prove that the mind that is the soul or the thinking thing is distinct and is separate from the body. This thinking thing was the core of himself, which doubts, believes, reasons, feels and thinks. Descartes considers the body to be an extended unthinking thing; therefore it is possible that one may exist without the other. This view is known as mind-body dualism. He believes that what he is thinking in his mind is what GodRead MoreDescribing a System of Knowledge 1447 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind Rene Descartes’, who is recognized as a prominent philosopher of the 17th century, attempts at creating a system of knowledge that can withstand even the most skeptical disbeliever in absolute truths. It is best to begin by describing this system of knowledge through the qualifications that an idea must pass in order to be in the system. An idea must be able to be defended in every way by a skeptic and in no way present any situation in which the idea could be proven false. Descartes describesRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesand (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees of perfection otherwise know as, an Ontological argument. He believed that in pursuing truth, it would lead to the epicenter of all truth, God. UponRead MoreEssay about Human Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution1689 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Bacon, Isaac Newton, and Rene Descartes, the Scientific Revolution proves to be a crucial piece to the puzzle of understanding the effects of humansà ­ interactions with the natural world. The changes produced during the Scientific Revolution were not rapid but developed slowly and in an experimental way. Although its effects were highly influential, the forerunners Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Rene Descartes only had a few hundred followersRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysis may clarify the relationship between the mind and body, and the intelligibility of any alleged relationship betweenRead MoreA Brief Biography of Rene Descartes1580 Words   |  6 Pagesmotion and increase of momentum. Theories of self were approached with regards that natural objects were machines, and with such a notion brought the intrigue of how these ‘machines’ operated. This concept, corpuscularism, catapulted a transition and divide within the natural world with no intention or possibilities of reverting to past notions. The seventeenth century was a pivotal point in history, which can be attributed by through works of philosopher Rene Descartes, who had endorsed the mechanisticRead More Rene Descartes Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesI think, therefore I am Rene Descartes was a man obsessed with finding things out for himself, an intellectual who contributed to the field of psychology. Born in the 16th century, Descartes grew up in a society where ideas, thoughts and perceptions were not questioned but were supposed to be understood and supported. While growing up and through his studies, Descartes began to make strides in the fields of philosophy, mathematics and science. Descartes was a man who challenged accepted ideas

Eductaion Free Essays

EDP416 Assessment Item 1 (External) Type:Writing Task Description:This item asks you to engage key socio-cultural concepts encountered in the first module of the unit. Part A asks you to define a chosen number of concepts from Module 1 and consider their implications for education. Part B asks you to describe a school-based, socio-cultural pedagogical situation or problem related to one of the chosen topics. We will write a custom essay sample on Eductaion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Audience:Tutor Length:1000-1200 words in total (Parts A and B) Outcomes:1, 2 3 Weighting:40% (All four task elements are equally valued) Posting Date:[See ‘Key Information at a Glance’ on Blackboard ‘Unit Details’ menu item] Part A: Definition and Discussion of Unit Concepts The following list contains the five topics covered in Module One of the unit. Under each topic is a number of related concepts. You are asked to choose ONE (1) concept from three (3) different topics and, in an extended piece of writing of 250–300 words for each concept: i) Define the concept as it has been introduced to you in the unit (via the unit textbook, CMD readings, and lectures) i) Discuss what you understand to be the main implications for education A Guide for this assessment item has been prepared to assist you and is available on Blackboard. Remember, for Part A you are only choosing ONE (1) concept from each of three different topics. This means you will be responding to a maximum of THREE (3) different concepts in total. TOPIC: SOCIAL CLASS AND EDUCATION Concept:Social class Concept:Individual abili ty Concept:Cultural capital theory References for consultation Unit textbook and CMD references such as Germov (1998) and Henry (2000). TOPIC: RACE/ETHNICITY AND EDUCATION Concept:The (faulty and racist) science of race Concept:Individual and institutional discrimination Concept:Indigeneity and education References for consultation Unit textbook and CMD references such as Aveling (2007), Lampert (2005), Milojevic (2001), Noddings (2005), Rose, D. et al. (1999), Tsolidis (2001). TOPIC: CHILDHOOD, YOUTH AND SCHOOLING Concept:Social construction of childhood and youth Concept:Childhood OR youth and social governance Concept:The disappearance of childhood References for consultation Unit textbook and CMD references such as Christensen and James (1999), McDonnell (2006), Brooks (2006), Postman (1994), Symes and Preston (1997), Tait (2001), Tyler, D. (1993)). TOPIC: GENDER AND EDUCATION Concept:The (faulty) notion of boys and girls as biologically determined Concept:Schooling as a gender regime Concept:The ‘What about the boys? ’ debate (Debate over boys as disadvantaged. ) References for consultation Unit textbook and CMD references such as Kehily (2001), MacNaughton (2000), Martino and Berill (2003), McLeod (2001), Mills et al. (2004), Rasmussen (2004), White and Wyn (2008). Part B: A Related Socio-Cultural Pedagogical Problem Select ONE (1) of the concepts from your response, above, and, in an extended paragraph of 250–300 words, briefly describe a specific classroom or school-based socio-cultural pedagogical situation/problem that is: i) related to the concept (or broader unit topic from which it derives) and ii) likely to be encountered by a graduate teacher. Relevant contextual information about the students, teacher, school and locale should also be provided. Refer to relevant literature where appropriate. This part of Assessment Item 1 builds conceptual skills which are developed further in Assessment Item 2. For this reason, you definitely need to consult the Guide for Assessment Item 2—specifically the section on the ‘socio-cultural pedagogical situation/ problem’. (Note that for this part of your first assignment you do not develop an ‘initiative’ or ‘solution’ in response to the problem). *** How to cite Eductaion, Essay examples

Leading Organizational Change

Questions: 1. What is the relationship between change readiness and change agents? Use Hayes Chapter 13 as a reference point as well. (600 words).2.Based on your analysis of WMC, now adapt and redraw Figure 15.7 and 15.8 in Hayes Chapter 15. Explain the reason why you placed an X where you did and use facts from the case to support your answers?3.Use an open systems diagram similar at the organisation level to outline the inputs, processes and outputs of WMC. Populate each box with at least three numbered points and a brief description of the point. Then below the Table, describe in more detail each point? 4.Using Kotters Integrative Model of organizational dynamics redraw and adapt the Figure to suit your analysis of WMC. Now using facts from the problem statement plus your own assumptions from Case Study 1, explain your analysis using the short,How important is it that companies recognise the liability? To what extent is disclosure about the liability sufficient? Answers: 1. Relationship between Change Readiness and Change Agents This particular topic is taken from the Journal Article named as Journal of Management and titled as Change Readiness: A Multilevel Review(Rafferty et al. 2013). In this particular article, relationship between Change Readiness and Change Agents is explained by the authors by theoretical review regarding change readiness literature. From the case study on Wong Manufacturing Company, some of the issues have been identified regarding substantial agreement on change readiness for examining the attitude as far as possible. Secondly, it takes into consideration attributes from adopting multilevel perspective considering the change readiness (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). In other words, Wong Manufacturing Company requires addressing the issues faced by understanding the importance of change readiness on constructing ways for measuring the performance levels in the most appropriate way. Addition to that, it requires developing of multilevel framework for identifying the antecedents as well as consequences of individual. Therefore, it takes into consideration aspects such as work group as well as organizational change readiness for future analysis purpose for Wong Manufacturing Company. On the contrary, the business organization requires reviewing the theoretical as well as empirical evidence at all levels of analysis activities. It further requires identifying suggestions from guiding future research seeking adopting ways for attainment of multilevel approach in case of change readiness (Nordinet al. 2013). The second journal article is taken from Journal of Change Management and titled as Organizational Diagnosis: An Evidence-based Approach (McFillenet al. 2013). From the case study on Wong Manufacturing Company, it has been identified that Organizational Diagnosis plays major role for organizational change initiatives based upon selecting appropriate interventions. It requires contributing readiness-change in and across business organization. On the contrary, it requires identifying diagnosis considering as an integral component for change process for various recommended specified theories for diagnosis purpose. According to McCarthy and Eastman(2013), there is lack of rigor especially for diagnostic process as well as following the significant factors in viewing at the failure rate of change initiatives in the most appropriate way. In the recent world environment, there has been evidence regarding diagnosis in areas such as engineering as well as medicines. On the contrary, this brin gs together situation regarding improving appropriateness of interventions in contributing towards change readiness in and among various organizational members at Wong Manufacturing Company. Therefore, it involves recommended steps for advanced state of organizational diagnosis in case if field of organizational development as well as change in an effective way (Klein 2012). Theory and Practice of Change Management explains the concept on Change Management that should be implemented by Wong Manufacturing Company (Hayes 2014). In this Book, John Hayes explains the application of key theories for bringing change in organization settings for Wong Manufacturing Company. In addition, Diagnostic tools help in identifying change as well as experience for given outcomes based on real case study from Wong Manufacturing Company. Therefore, this majorly focus on reflection upon own experiences for change management system for Wong Manufacturing Company (Keppel and Wardell?Johnson 2012). It is difficult task for managing change at Wong Manufacturing Company from human aspects viewing at the urgency of operations. This majorly involves people as well as encourages participation especially in change process for aiding diagnosis. Therefore, Wong Manufacturing Company should engage in reducing level of resistance as well as increasing level of commitment for keeping app roaches on timely manner. In the recent times, there is increasing pace regarding changes for Wong Manufacturing Company for planning ways for changing activities in the most appropriate way (Hwang and Low 2012). On the contrary, it is difficult in anticipating reactive change for future analysis purpose. In addition, anticipating change initiating with changes in presenting external demand. As rightly indicated by McCarthy and Eastman (2013), change readiness can be regarded as the initiatives as well as responses that are important to initiate requisite alterations. The changes are essentially for the purpose of building advantageous events, reducing the risk of the business and achieving sustainable performance. On the other hand, change agents refer to the individuals belonging both the internal as well as external sources of the corporation that helps the management of an organization to establish transformation (McFillen et al. 2013). As per the case study it can be hereby ascertained that Ryan and Mira identified several issues in the operations of the corporation. After identification of the issues, they suggested certain ideas for combating the recognized issues. The new ideas of Mira regarding the process of initiation of exporting products to China, Japan as well as Indonesia different large batch production output whilst delivering designer as well as retail outlets throughout the globe. Again, Mira as well as Ryan also persistently indicated towards the opportunities of the WMC to market directly to consumers through web and to establish the (Business to Business) associations with quality seeking purchasers. In addition to this, Ryan also specified the need for greater visibility at the Fashion Week that in turn can attract large number of client, approximately 50,000. Moreover, Mira also detected different challenges concerning manufacturing and production safety. Again, Mira and Ryan also tried to boost growth by introduction of different changes. Therefore, the analysis of the case study reveals the fact that Mira and Ryan can be regarded as the change agents that belong to the internal source of the corporation that aids the management in instituting changes (McFillen et al. 2013). However, the suggestions and proposals of Ryan and Mira for driving development created disagreements as well as contractions in the Board of the firm. On the other hand, the traditional approach of the company were at stake Thus, it can be hereby established that Wong Manufacturing Company did not have adequate change readiness and consequently resisted the changes. Therefore, a critical examination of the study reflects the fact that Ryan and Mira are the apparent change agents and the actual change agents are the company management team as well as the important administrative members of the staff. In this, the need for change has not exactly matched with the readiness of change of the organization. The initiation of change in the organization can follow a bottom up procedure for deriving a logical consequence in this study. The management can develop a particular category of information processing grounded on the diverse incoming data from the specific environment of the business in order to form an insight (Briody et al. 2012). The poor change readiness can be marked by incapability of the management to analyze change inputs or else important data acquired from organizational framework, policies, present behavior as well as systems at the level of organization (McFillen et al. 2013). However, the magnitude of trust, degree of involvement by managers as well as emotional condition of the workers together with the breaches that might exist between the actual agents of change, inclination for change and the actual change readiness can explain the inner revelation of the case on WMC. 2. From the case study on Wong Manufacturing Company, it has been noticed that placing of X means punishing the lazy workers who show less interest towards work. In this particular case, issue has been identified from the company named as Wong Manufacturing Company regarding managing human resources (Hornstein2015). It is important to understand the fact that Human resources are the true asset of the company and should be managed in unique ways as far as possible. X and Y Theory applications will be appropriate for Wong Manufacturing Company. In this theory, it reveals punishing X employees and rewarding Y level employees. It is understood that X level employees lacks interest whereas Y employees are highly motivated towards working at Wong Manufacturing Company (Haslamet al. 2014). As opined by Goetsch and Davis(2014), Change Management should be implemented for the company named as Wong Manufacturing Company. This activity is for those who remain over-committed for deterministic view in keeping check on local of control for external purpose. This particular section renders brief overview of strategic change management by wider environment. In other words, Wong Manufacturing Company explores some of the issues as well as choices involved for developing attributes from managing organizational change. It helps in articulating implicit models for exposing process models of change in an effective way. Wong Manufacturing Company should accelerate change for creation of continuous improvement for renewal purpose (Frankland et al. 2013). This means increased organization adaptability straining the organizational members for Wong Manufacturing Company. On the contrary, changes bringing psychological contract for loyalties in and across organization named as Wong Manufa cturing Company. In addition, entire knowledge in society for considering undergoing violent for increased rates for forgetting images of reality. Therefore, these changes demands for adaptability levels for individuals as well as coping with organization named as Wong Manufacturing Company. These people responding with increased pace in various ways for future analysis purpose. On the other hand, this will internalize on principles accelerating unconscious compensation on timely basis (Cameron and Green 2015). According to Briody, Pester and Trotter (2012), Discontinuous changes considers as one type of changes occurring at the time periods of disequilibrium. In other words, new relationships as well as dynamics for Wong Manufacturing Company in undermining core competencies in the most appropriate way. On the contrary, Wong Manufacturing Company has core competencies especially at the time of optical reproduction for development of digital scanning at the same time. Figure1: Oaklands figure of eight (Source: Rafferty et al. 2013) As is evident from the Oaklands framework of eight, it is evident that the combination of the need for change, leadership along with direction and planning can lead to readiness for change. The mixture of organizational resources, systems as well as controls and behaviors can lead to implementation of change (Briody et al. 2012). A thorough analysis of the case study reveals the fact that there are concrete reasons identified by Mira and Ryan for initiation of the change. This can be regarded as the factor of need for change as per the Oaklands framework of eight. Again, it is important to understand the skills, competencies as well as the requisite aptitude for proper implementation of the project (Cameron and Green 2015). The identification of the prerequisites of implementation of the project can help in comprehending the current condition of the WMC and the inclination of the organization WMC towards change (Barratt-Pugh et al. 2013). This change framework can be considered as a system. Thus, the tools and techniques of this system cannot be accepted in isolation. Therefore, it is important to implement an integrated system for initiating the change in the corporation WMC. The important factors or else the resources of organization that can help in successful implementation of the change include the effectual communication, empowerment of members of the staff of the organization, implementation of effective systems and control. The improved system can be assimilated with the traditional approaches of WMC while carrying out the process of restructuring for streamlining cost as well as efficiency, control of two way product expanses between the old as well as new production while handling competition from many other suppliers (Hornstein 2015). Again, the analysis of the case study also reflects the fact that both Mira and Ryan tried to drive growth. This in turn led to disagreement and shrinkages in the Board of the company. This shows that handling the behaviors of the employees also form an integral part of the management of the change implementation in the organization (Hornstein 2015). The management of the corporation Mira and Ryan pointed out the f act there is need for change in the system as well for attainment of higher rate of growth. They identified issues with the traditional approach of manufacturing that orients around large batch production in particularly the cotton, wool textiles as well as fabrics. In addition to this, the safety as well as control issues of the existing system can also be recognized that according to Mira and Ryan could be solved by increasing the value-added element of design, customer accessibility and product deepness from basically large-batch production of textile and by manufacturing designer clothing for greater global markets. Development of a proper strategic plan can help the management of WMC in deciding the actions that are required to attain the organizational objectives. A suitable planning for implementation of change can happen instantaneously and promptly. While framing the process of implementation of change, the management of the company needs to depend on its traditional system in order to avoid confusion and to combat resistance and to assist the process of transformation. Utilizing the Oaklands figure of eight can help WMC to determine the effectiveness of preparing for the change and the way effectual future planning can help in attainment of change outcomes (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). In addition to this, it is also imperative for the Board to understand the necessity of implementing change, importance of leadership, direction and planning in order to take up steps directly. This too refers to the fact that the WMC has failed to provide insufficient attention to the four different component s such as the business processes, organizational resources, systems as well as controls and behaviors. The challenges such as the frustration and paralysis can resist the changes and lead to unsuccessful implementation of the process (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). 3. Open Systems Diagrams from the case study on Wong Manufacturing Company Figure 2: Open Systems Diagrams from the case study on Wong Manufacturing Company (Source: Hayes 2014) From the case, study on Wong Manufacturing Company, systems perspectives focusing mainly on functional complementarity of parts in and around business organization. Barratt-Pugh, Bahn and Gakere (2013). In other words, nature of Wong Manufacturing Company relationship in and within business environment Some of the viewpoints from the case study on matters regarding open systems diagrams: Inputs- Wong Manufacturing Company viewed as open systems for importing inputs especially from environment in the most appropriate way. On the contrary, Wong Manufacturing Company transforms into outputs for exporting activities. In other words, fundamental task involves Wong Manufacturing Company striving for depending upon maintenance of functional complementary activities (Hayes 2014). On the other hand, system perspective views based upon functional complementarity for achieving goals as well as objectives in an effective way. Conversion- Wong Manufacturing Company major goals perspectives presenting for constructing entities for legitimizing activities It is for this reason for identifiable goals for future analysis purpose. In this case, there need understanding of effectiveness in deriving goals accomplishment in an overall manner (Hayes 2014). Output- Organizational development means setting behavioral science based theories in case of values, strategies as well as techniques for planned change of given organizational work setting. In addition, Wong Manufacturing Company indulges in enhances for individual development as well as improving organizational performance. This requires alteration of work taking into consideration the organizational members at Wong Manufacturing Company. This indulges in viewing at the on-the job behavior. On the contrary, it has been noticed that organizational development considers as a system-wide process for data collection, action planning as well as diagnosis and evaluation for future course activities. It requires congruence between attributes such as organizational structure. Strategy, process as well as people and culture (Rafferty et al. 2013). Wong Manufacturing Company should develop new as well as creative organizational solutions in case of self-renewing capacity for the same. External Environment- Wong Manufacturing Company should provide opportunities to people for functioning as human beings rather as resources in case of production process. In other words, it renders opportunities in taking care of each organizational member from Wong Manufacturing Company for developing full potential as far as possible(Rafferty et al. 2013). This means seeking increased effectiveness for organizational functions in terms of goals as well as objectives. Feedback- Wong Manufacturing Company requires attempting in creating an environment for finding exciting as well as challenging work. In other words, it renders opportunities for people working at Wong Manufacturing Company concerning organizational values as well as environment (Hayes 2014). This means treating every human being as person with complex set of needs considering vital importance in their life. Open system diagram refers to five important components that includes the external environment, input, output good service, transformation or else conversion process and finally the feedback. The open system model can help the change agents Mira and Ryan in the WMC to understand the overall process of management of change in the organization. A comprehensive analysis of the case study hereby helps in understanding the inputs that essentially consists of the human resources as well as other resources namely information, raw materials, energy that are employed in the entire system from the external environment. In this particular case, the input includes the lack of change readiness of the organization, disagreement among the senior management and members of the board of the organization Wong Manufacturing Company. In addition to this, other inputs comprise of different assumption of different competitive moves or else augmenting competition (McCarthy and Eastman 2013). Thus, as per th e inputs, the management needs to decide the strategic moves. For instance, for increasing the level of competition, Both Mira and Ryan needs to develop effective strategies such augmenting the visibility of the company at the Malaysian Fashion Week that in turn attract more than 50000 clients. In addition to this, the management might also address the major control as well as manufacturing issues associated to the major brand such as the Benetton in Italy, HM from Sweden, Nike, JC Penny and Walmart in the USA and many more. The management might also consider developing strong as well as enduring relationship with all the retailers as well as distributors and suppliers of the firm that can drive the overall growth and development potential of the company (McFillen et al. 2013). Furthermore, the management also need to take into consideration the transformation process. The transformation procedure need to prepare for the change processes for the smooth transformation and needed to support the evolution by the decrease in the number of staff, overall restructuring of management for streamlining the cost as well as efficiency, management of two way stretches of product between the old together with the new production system whilst dealing with competition from other dealers. A fitting transformation process can thereby help the organization WMC to achieve the organizational objectives (Rafferty et al. 2013). 4. Kotters Integrative Model of organizational dynamics As opined by Hayes (2014), Open Structure Theory predicts the changes regarding internal as well as external elements for Wong Manufacturing Company. In other words, Hayes adopts Kotters Integrative Model of organizational dynamics for bringing solutions to the problems. There are major six elements in Kotters Model and these are as follows: Figure 3: Sixth Elements for Kotters Integrative Model of organizational dynamics (Source: Hayes 2014) The first element is the External Environment based upon direct task in relation with environment as well as wider environmental attributes involving political system as well as economical system. The second element is the employees as well as other tangible assets. This involves building cash as well as other stock (Inventory) (Hayes 2014). The third element is the Formal organizational arrangements considering as a system for operating as well as job design activities (Taylor and Schaffer 2013) The forth element is the Social System based majorly upon organization culture as well as social structure (Taylor and Schaffer 2013) The fifth element is the Technology as the major products for any business organization. The sixth element is the Dominant Coalition considering goals as well as strategies who makes the final plans for any business organization. As rightly put forward by Hayes (2014), adaptability remains the vital important factors for determining the organizational ability in maintaining requires degree of alignment for specified time. In other words, the major purpose of conducing change management activities ensures making structural basics for checking over the adaptability criteria for any business organization (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). Some of the key organizational process involves information gathering, communication, matter energy transportation, formal organizational as well as communication and dominant coalition in the most appropriate way. In addition, it takes into consideration aspects such as social system culture, employees, tangible assets as well as external environmental factors for proper course of action (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). Selecting strategies for change explains the causes behind resistance to change. Organization like Wong Manufacturing Company experiences frequent employee resistance as introducing change factors (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). There occurs lot of fear as well as unwillingness in taking risks in case of delay in potential development for attaining future success for Wong Manufacturing Company. In that case, there are few suggestions regarding employee resist change such as parochial self-interest as well as lack of trust. It further leads to misunderstandings as well as low tolerance power for changing activities for business organization such as Wong Manufacturing Company (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). As opined by Hayes (2014), most of the time employees find it difficult in understanding as well as believing in the change management system. In other words, it causes resistance to change for differing assessments for future determination policies. In other words, it requires evaluating the circumstances especially from leaders as well as determination of cost in exceeding with potential positive outcomes for bringing change in Wong Manufacturing Company (Taylor and Schaffer 2013). Therefore, last suggestions reveals the inability in acquiring various skills as well as behavior in new setting for creation of resistance power for future analysis purpose. As rightly indicated by Hayes (2014), long term effectiveness of operations of the corporation WMC refers to the efficient operations of a corporation for a long duration of time that in turn can help in attainment of the objectives of the firm. Again, the efficient operations for a short period of time can help in attainment of organizational effectiveness for a short term. From the point of view of members of the staff of an organization, it is important to enhance the skills and competence through suitable training. This can help in the process of upgrading the skill sets of the members of the staff. This is required for handling the new systems and business processes in the organization (Hayes 2014). In itself, the integrative model of Kotter sheds light on the significance of alignment. This in turn can aid the management of WMC to discover diverse factors that can determine organizational effectiveness through short, medium as well as long term period. As such, the analysis of the case study replicates the fact that the corporation WMC has experienced steady rate of growth at relatively a slow pace. Therefore, it is necessary for the management of WMC to undertake corrective activities that includes acquirement of information, arriving at high quality decisions and discovering new consumers for maintenance of efficiency. The case study also mentions the fact that both Mira as well as Ryan have accurately recognized assumptions regarding the external environment and have formulated strategies to modify to the misalignment. Nevertheless, there is a large disconnect between the structural components, namely, the technology and prevailing coalition as well as external environment and the significant business processes (Hornstein 2015). For example, important disagreement among the board members and employees cannot align with the process of external decision making as well as visions for moving ahead. Correspondingly, a strategic move to alter the technologies for large scale production as well as manufacturing might possibly be at odds with the existent strategy of supplying to regional markets of the organization. Therefore, it is important to align the organizational strategy of the firm WMC with the important information strategies that in turn can help in the reducing efforts during the short term management of medium term drift as WMC regresses from the environment and decrease the loss of share of the market in the long run. References Barratt-Pugh, L. Bahn, S. Gakere, E. (2013), Managers as change agents: Implications for human resource managers engaging with culture change. Journal of Organizational Change, Vol. 26 No. 4, 748-764. Briody, E. Pester, T.M. Trotter, R. (2012), A storys impact on organizational-culture change. Journal of Organizational Change, Vol. 25 No. 1, 67-87 Cameron, E. and Green, M., (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change.Kogan Page Publishers. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, (2013).Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence.pearson. Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. (2014).Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Hayes, J., (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hornstein, H.A., (2015). The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Hwang, B.G. and Low, L.K., (2012). Construction project change management in Singapore: Status, importance and impact.International Journal of Project Management,30(7), pp.817-826. Keppel, G. and Wardell?Johnson, G.W., (2012). Refugia: keys to climate change management.Global Change Biology,18(8), pp.2389-2391. Klein, G.D. (2012), Creating cultures that lead to success. Organizational Dynamics, 41, 32-43. McCarthy, C. and Eastman, D., (2013). Change management strategies for an effective EMR implementation. Himss. McFillen, J.M. ONeil, D.A. Balzer, W.K. Varney, G.H. (2013), Organizational diagnosis: An evidence-based approach. Journal of Change Management, Vol. 13, No. 2. 223-246 Nordin, N., Deros, B.M., Wahab, D.A. and Rahman, M.N.A., (2012). A framework for organisational change management in lean manufacturing implementation.International Journal of Services and Operations Management,12(1), pp.101-117. Rafferty, A. Jimmieson, N. L. Armenakis, A.A. (2013), Change readiness: A multilevel review. Journal of Management, Vol. 39 No. 1 110-135 Taylor, M.A. and Schaffer, M., (2013). Planning and adaptation to retirement: The post-retirement environment, change management resources, and need-oriented factors as moderators.

56 Google Search Tricks for Students - The Writers For Hire

56 GOOGLE SEARCH TRICKS FOR STUDENTS This article is courtesy of OnlineDegree.net A great list of tips for anyone who does research online. Google has been around for ages, and if youre just starting college, youve probably used the search engine for most of your academic life. But theres more to the powerful search tool than just typing in keywords. Here are 56 Google search tricks for all types of students, whether youre in high school, pursuing an online degree, or are just trying to brush up on your own research skills. Advanced Search When youre searching for specific material, use Advanced Search to plug in qualifiers that will narrow down your search. Here are more Advanced Search tricks to learn. Search within a domain: Only let Google bring up .edu or .gov sites, for example, if you want primary sources or authoritative information. Select file type: This very handy qualifier is useful when you need to quickly find certain types of data or information for a presentation. You can choose to limit results to .pdf, .xls, Google Earth, .doc, .rtf, and more. : If youre looking to use open source material or unlicensed material, this is a good trick to make sure youre on track. Exclude terms: Use a minus sign right before a word (-example) to eliminate it from your search results. Wildcard search: The * key acts as a wildcard in Google search that can be helpful with early stages of research. Google gives the example [Obama voted * on the * bill] to learn about Obamas votes on several different bills. Limit synonyms: Did you know that Google sometimes finds results that dont match your search exactly, but that use synonyms instead? Type in the + sign before a search to eliminate synonyms and use your words only. Language: For foreign language or international business or policy classes, or if you just have to have a primary source, use this selector to change language settings. Where your keywords show up: When youre looking for very specific information or for a specific kind of source, you can use this feature to limit where the keywords show up in your search: the URL, title of the article, in links to the page, or just anywhere in the page. Find pages that link to the page: Use this feature when you want to do a little more digging. Youll stumble across blog posts, journal articles and news stories that offer more in-depth commentary. Quotation marks: Put quotation marks around a phrase to let Google know you want that exact phrase in that order. Scholar Search Google Scholar is an excellent resource for undergraduate and graduate students who want a quick way to connect to authoritative information from journals and scholarly publications. Use these tips to search Scholar. Search by author: Scholar recommends using the authors initials, or at least first initial and last name, to increase your results. Search by journal: Used Scholars Advanced Search to find articles published in a specific journal or publication. Find articles and pieces that reference that article: By typing in the name of an article in quotation marks, youll find that paper plus other papers that reference it. Limit by date: Make sure youre citing the most updated research by limiting your returns by date. Find court opinions: If youre searching for court opinions, you can search by state, choose only U.S. federal court opinions, or expand your search to all journals and opinions. Select collections: Also in Advanced Search is the option to select collections like Chemistry and Materials Science or Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities. Search Library Links: Under Google Scholar Preferences, youll find the option to find library access links. Start with citations, then move offline: Sometimes Google will pull up a citation but not the whole piece because it hasnt found it online. If it looks like a good match for your research, copy it down and bring it to your librarian for help locating it. Find foreign language journals: Look for primary materials from foreign language journals in Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish and more. Bibliography Manager: Bibliography Manager is a Scholar feature that lets you add citations in various formats like RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote, and BibTeX. This is found in the Preferences section. Reference Tools and Tips Google is full of tricks for pulling up statistics, basic facts and reference material. Check here for great shortcuts for finding definitions and more. Dictionary: Type the word define before the word you want to look up in the Google search bar. Calculator: Just type in an equation with the = sign to use Googles calculator feature. You can find more calculator operators and symbols here. Books: Click on the Books option under Shop Options after entering your search. Youll find Google books on the subject, and can quickly add them to your library or preview them. Unit conversion: Let Google complete unit conversions for you when you type in a problem, like 4 lbs in kg. Cooking conversions: When youre trying out moms recipes at school, use this feature to solve cooking conversions. Numeric ranges: If you want to know who was president during a certain timeframe, type in president 1940†¦1950 for example. You can also use this feature to find results that contain certain dollar amounts or other numerical ranges. Stock Quotes: For business classes, you can use the Stock Quotes search by typing in the ticker symbol. Google will bring up current stock quotes. Glossary: Type in a word followed by ~glossary to find glossaries, term lists and dictionary entries for that word. Package tracking: Find out when your next care package arrives when you use this feature. Public data: Look up public data by typing in keywords and a location, like population california. Area Code Lookup: This feature should be useful when applying for jobs or looking for places to visit in your area for research. Froogle: Whether youre shopping for the best deal or are conducting market research for a project, use Googles product search tool, Froogle. Notes and Organization Keep your research organized with these tricks. Search within a site: Type example search term site: example website to search a keyword or search term within that site only, if you need to use a particular source. SearchWiki: Use SearchWiki to star and edit your favorite results, even hidden ones. info:: Find information about a website if you need to verify it or collect data for a citation. Custom Search Engine: Create your own custom search engine with Google. You can name it, pick the language, and select only certain sites to be searched. Learn how to assess credibility: This slide explains how to check a pages about section, find a date and author, and verify the authors credentials on Google. Google Toolbar: Great for study groups, this toolbar lets you share websites with friends and translate web pages. Pay attention to Googles indents: Google indents results when theyre from the same website as the result above it. Social and New Media Search Google is a great tool for finding images, toying around with new media, and locating and connecting with people online. Here are some Google tips to help you maximize Googles cutting edge potential. Google Maps eye-level perspective: Once youve searched for a particular map, drag the little person icon (located at the top of the zoom in/zoom out bar) anywhere on the map to get an eye-level perspective. Google Groups: When you want to pull up information from Google Groups only, you can type in the authors name, group name or insubject: and the subject keyword. Updates: After conducting a search, click on the Updates button under Show Options. Youll get a steady stream of the most updated social media comments about that topic. Clicking Discussions will take you to forums QA pages. Google Image Search: You probably know how to use image search, but did you know its a useful way to ID people and look up foreign language definitions? Knol: While it may not be the most authoritative search tool, Knol can help you start your research and find out how others around the world are reacting to current events and popular discussion topics. Recognize faces: Follow this link for instructions on how to get Google to recognize faces, and not bring up other image results when you type in someones name. Shortcuts Use these shortcuts to make your Google searches even faster. Im Feeling Lucky: If youre an expert searcher, use this button on the Google search page to get automatically directed to the first web page that would normally show up in a list in a general search. Better than and reminds me of: This weird little tip will help you find comparisons. Just type in either search term and then a keyword, all enclosed in quotation marks. cache:: Use this shortcut to show a web page in its cached version. related:: Type in a website after related: to find related sites. Shortcut for spellcheck: Dont bother going to a dictionary website to see if you spelled something correctly: just enter it into Googles search bar, and the did you mean†¦ suggestion will pop up with the correct spelling. Google Blog Search: Blog Search is another quick way to jump to blog posts only. Set up iGoogle: Personalize your Google homepage so that it contains links to your favorite feeds and research pages. Miscellaneous From looking for jobs to understanding case sensitivity, here are more Google tricks for students. Google Job Directory: Use this tool to look for job opportunities, including seasonal jobs and job fairs. Delete search history: You can clear your address bar history, Google Toolbar history, and Google search box history here. Search operators are case sensitive: Google isnt case sensitive when it reads your keywords, but operators like OR are.

Desert ecosystems essays

Desert ecosystems essays Desert ecosystems are one of the most extreme and diverse ecosystems of them all. Everything from the harsh climate changes, the animal inhabitants, and their creation make them the most unique. Even though this ecosystem is very intimidating it is very week. In this report we will try to explain everything there is to know about this very different ecosystem. The single factor that distinguishes desert ecosystems from other biomes is the minimal amount of rainfall received annually (no more than 10 inches). Most deserts lie between the latitudes of 15Â ° and 35Â ° on each side of the earth's equator. These latitudes are in zones of high atmospheric pressure. These high pressure zones are created by the way the air moves over the earth. At the equator where temperatures are high, air becomes warm and rises. As the air rises, it cools and releases moisture over regions near the equator. In time, the air descends over areas that extend between 15Â ° and 35Â ° both north and south of the equator. As it descends, it becomes warm and dry. This warm air causes desert conditions. The Sahara and several other great deserts lie in this region. Regions separated from an ocean by mountains also tend to be dry. A moist wind blowing inland from an ocean loses its moisture as it rises over mountains and becomes cool. As the wind descends on the side of the mountains facing land, it becomes warm and dry. This warm air creates a rain shadow, or dry area. The North American deserts developed partly because of the rain-shadow effect. Cold ocean currents flowing next to a continent can cause deserts to form in areas along the coast. Deserts form because the cool winds that blow across the cold water and onto the land can carry little moisture. The Atacama Desert in South America is an example of such a desert. A change in climate can cause changes in the location and extent of deserts. During the last few thousand years, many de ...

The importance of lesson plan and methods in the Foundation Program Essay

The importance of lesson plan and methods in the Foundation Program used in Omani Universities to the study of language skills - Essay Example s primarily on the enhancement of students’ proficiency in English, so students enrolled in the program have a full day schedule with a weekly load of around 30 hours, including study groups.† â€Å"The program is communicative in nature, shifting the emphasis from grammar to meaningful oral and written communication.  The instructional materials adopted for the program have performance-based objectives as well as clear scope and sequence for teaching communicative skills. The program approaches language as a tool of communication and stresses reading and writing as the two main language skills instrumental for students success in university-level education through the medium of English.   The teaching methodology treats language skills in an integrated fashion and incorporates study skills into the program.   The teaching methodology is communicative in nature, presenting authentic and simulated communicative tasks in real life However most of the students in the foundation programmer are unappreciative with the role of English language. In this stage of a students’ academic life, it is very important for the teacher to find effective ways to help these students progress to the next level. Teachers must know their students and their needs very well. They have to decide on which communication skills they would develop : reading, writing, speaking, listening, or phonology. As with any instructional method, everything starts with lesson planning. A well-developed lesson plan is the foundation to a good execution of a lesson. According to research, planning sets the stage in teaching and school learning making it the most critical part of instruction teaching and school learning (Clark & Dunn, 1991). The lesson plan must align with the goals of the program as well as the curriculum so that it would fit the context of the learner. In short, the lesson plan must translate into instruction the goals of the Foundation Program. Since the program aims to focus

Taxation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Essay Example In recent time different type of taxation function differently and it explain their reason for resource allocation, income distribution and aggregate demand in the economy. According to Modern Monetary Theory, taxation is a necessary tool used in controlling the amount of money in the economy. Taxation ensured that government spending is done while checking on the increase in inflation. Government spending increases the supply of money and boosts the countries spending in the short run. Taxations of the spending ensure that it reduces the supply of money and thus reduces inflations in the long run. Through taxation the governments ‘does eat the cake and have it.’ Public expenditure ensures people are provided the necessary services and at the same time government collect revenue out of money paid in completion of its projects. All forms of taxations are believed to have an impact on the allocation of resources with except of poll tax. Taxation changes the relative prices of goods and services making both producers and consumers adjust accordingly whenever there are changes in taxations (The principles of Taxation). Therefore, government taxes producers in specific economic sectors to discourage the inefficiency. For example, the increase in alcohol beverages taxation is ensured to discourage on the consumption of alcohol in the economy. According to the U.K government, the consumption of alcohol reduces the productivity of the people which in turn reduces the countries incomes. In an economy, there are public and private goods. Moreover, the production of these goods results to production of externalities as byproducts. The production process can produce negative and positive externality, and it is the function of government to control on the production of the negative externality. This reason gives the government power to use the power of taxation to minimize or remedies the

Bussines Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Bussines Law - Essay Example One of these categories is the business law. Business law involves all the laws that govern the relationship between any business entity and all the parties involved in the entity’s practices. Business law provides guidelines on how a business body conducts its practices with all the stakeholders like the employees, the customers, the society and the shareholders. Therefore, the rules contained in business law provide an avenue for resolving any dispute pertaining business practices (Cabrelli 22). Some of the fundamental elements in business law are the employment law and the contract law. Contract law governs the relationship between a business firm and any party that may enter into a contract with it, while employment law relates the business firm with its work force. Employment law falls under both the state statutes and the federal laws. Its scope extents to employees claim involving termination of employment contracts, discrimination, and employee’s compensation. This type of business mainly deals with the employees’ and the employers’ relationship with each other, their actions, and their responsibilities in the work place. When incorporated into employment law, contract law governs the agreement between the employer and the employee (Cabrelli 67). In this context, all the elements of contract law applies in establishing the terms and conditions of employment. In the subject case concerning Jill’s employment, the major types of laws that will be applied is both the employment law and the contract law. Employment law will represent the entire relationship between Jill and the Momma Mia Company, while contract law governs the agreement between Jill and the company. Therefore, Jill will pursue the elements of employment and contract law during the judicial process. On the first element involving the violation of contract, the plaintiff must argue that the agreement was made after consideration

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay CHAPTER 1- Interviewing suspects and witnesses is a basic operation of policing all over the world. In England and Wales, pre PACE, historically there was no formal interview training for police officers and officers learnt how to interview through observation of other police officers. Thus, the best evidence of guilt was confessions and theoretically good interviewers were those who could convince suspects to confess to crimes. Police interviews prior 1984 were governed by Judges Rules, these were just guidelines for the officers who they were allowed to execute interviews unrecorded and then to write a report of the interview from memory. Afterwards, officers memory of the interview was presented in court from the handwriting report. The dangers of this are self-evident officers can pick up bad practises or miss valuable information. Eventually investigations can be damaged, disrupted or even destroyed. The secrecy of the police interview room led to widespread concern about the tactics used to extract confessions things like intimidation, oppression, deception, and even physical violence (Leo, 1992). It has been shown that these tactics can lead to false confessions, in which case a double miscarriage of justice occurs not only is an innocent person convicted but the true offender remains free (Gudjonsson, 1992). The aim of this chapter is to discuss the old investigative interviewing which led to miscarriages of justice. Also, what was happening to police interviewing, why false confessions were frequent phenomenon and what types of false confessions exist. An important theme is public perception about police interviewing at this historical time. Finally the primary improvements that have been done, such as PACE and Circulars 7 and 22. Miscarriages of Justice When the term miscarriages of justice is used, it usually refers to what are called questionable convictions or wrongful convictions. Walker (1999: 52-5) summarises the causes of questionable convictions which are: fabrication of evidence, unreliable identification of an offender by the police or witnesses, unreliable expert evidence, unreliable confessions resulting from police pressure or the vulnerability of suspects, non disclosure of evidence by the police or prosecution, the conduct of the trial and problems associated with appeals procedures. However, the term miscarriages of justice as relating to questionable convictions is itself partly adequate (Adler and Gray, 2010). Consequently, the term can also occur when there is no action, inaction or questionable actions, whereby an offence has taken place but no action or insufficient action or interference has followed. Questionable actions include police unprofessional conduct and lack of ability (e.g, failures to investigate ef fectively, poor treatment of victims and their family), insufficient prosecution processes (poor communication with police, risk avoidance ), and problematic trial practices (hostile cross examination of witness, weak presentation of the prosecution case). Therefore, questionable actions represent police failure to identify suspects and to press charges, the lack of success of the prosecution to mount a case, the collapse of the prosecution case during the trial and as a result, agencies ineffectiveness to inform or support victims and their families (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). Traditionally, the primary aim of police investigators has been to obtain a confession from the primary suspect, the confession being seen by officers to be the key of a successful investigation and the predominant means by which a conviction can be secured. To understand why a confession was so pivotal concern it is essential to consider the operation of various systems of justice. In an adversarial system, the judge is considered to be neutral during the trial process and should leave the presentation of the case to the prosecution and defence who prepare their case, call and examine witnesses. According to Zander (1994), the adversarial system is not a search for the truth. The inquisitorial system aim to be a search for the truth, in this system the judge is not neutral but will play critical role in the presentation of the evidence at the trial. The Judge calls and examines the defendant and the witness. While the trial is in progress lawyers for the prosecution and defence can merely ask complementary questions. The Royal Commission stated that It is important not to overstate the differences between the two systems because all adversarial systems contain inquisitorial elements and vice versa (Runciman, 1993). The court was not interested in the truth; it just had to decide whether punishment has been applied beyond all rational doubt. Therefore, it is not surprising that confession evidence had priority and investigators relied on a confession within the investigation process. Certainly, investigators focused on a confession and to attain a confession used coercive methods, allowing the investigation team to move on to the next case. False confessions lead to false convictions, thus police officers reproduced miscarriages of justice within their behaviour and interviewing tactics (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). False confessions lead to false convictions In the UK and other countries, a number of miscarriages of justice have established that false confessions occur and a large number of these are due to factors which exist within the interview context. Kassin and McNall (1991) analysed the tactics described by Inbau, Reid and Buckley (1986) which lead to false confessions; and found two categories: maximisation, where interviewers use scare tactics to intimidate a suspect believe to be guilty and minimisation, where interviewers underrate the offence seriousness and charges. Three categories of false confessions were identified by Gudjonsson and MacKeith (1988) and expanded by Shepherd (1996). These categories are as follows: Voluntary false confession Voluntary false confessions occur when the interviewee falsely confesses for personal reason without pressure. Possible reasons that suspect give false confession are: to exempt feelings of guilt about a real or imagined crime or situation in the past (this is most possible to happen for people with depression, Gudjonsson, 1992). To pre-empt further investigation of a more serious offence; to cover up the real culprit; to gain notoriety- a wish to become infamous and to enhance ones self esteem; an inability to distinguish reality from imagination(people with schizophrenia); to take a revenge on another and to hide other non criminal actions. Coerced-compliant false confession Coerced-compliant false confessions arise when the interviewee agrees to make a confession in order to make some kind of gain. This category of false confession occur from social influence factor; compliance. Compliance is a change in ones behaviour for contributory purposes, it is first found in Aschs (1956) primary studies of conformity and Milgrams (1974) research on obedience to authority. Interviewee sees the short term advantages of confessing (being released) outweighing the long term costs (such as prosecution and imprisonment). People, who are passable to compliance such as people with learning disabilities, may be especially vulnerable to this type of false confession. Coerced-internalised false confession The last category is a coerced-internalised false confession in such cases suspects come to believe that they are guilty because they no longer trust their own memory of certain details. This type of false confession derives from a cognitive effect and refers to the internal acceptance of beliefs held by others. An interviewee who is anxious, tired and confused actually comes to believe he or she committed the crime. The suspects memory may be altered in interviewing process. This can be linked to the false memory syndrome. The memory distrust syndrome concerns interviewees who distrust their own memory and consequently depend on external guide for information (in this particular situation -interviewer, Wolchover Heaton-Amstrong, 1996). This syndrome can be explained in two ways. The first relates to amnesia or memory damage. The interviewee has no clear memory and does not remember if he committed the crime or not. Also he or she does not remember what exactly happened the time of the crime. This may be due to amnesia or alcohol induced memory problems. The second way occurs when the interviewee is aware that he or she did not commit the crime and when the interviewer makes cases, manipulates the interviewee with suggestions. The suspect mistrusts his or her self and start thinking if he or she committed the crime. Ofshe (1989), stated that three common personality characteristics are situated on people who give this type of false confessions. They trust in people of authority, lack of self confidence and heightened suggestibility. Gudjonsson (1997) also argued, the false belief and false memories in cases of coerced- internalised false confession are most commonly developed as a result of manipulative interviewing techniques. Gudjonsson and Clark (1986) also introduced the theory of suggestibility which is a theoretical model of interrogative suggestibility and arises from a social cognitive viewpoint. It is argued, that most people would be susceptible to suggestions if the necessary conditions of uncertainty, interpersonal trust and heightened expectations are present. Implicit in such a model is the assumption that interrogative suggestibility is a distinct type of suggestibility. Gudjonsson also points out that; suggestibility is, to a certain extent, influenced by situational factors and experience. IS is defined as the extent to which, within a closed social interaction, people come to accept messages communicated during formal questioning, as a result of which their su bsequent behavioural response is affected (Gudjonsson and Clark, 1986). The IS is comprise two separate susceptibilities: to yield to leading questions, where yielding regards to the reliability of testimony and closely reflects memory processes; and to shift the primary answer in response to negative feedback, where shifting is related to coping process which are mainly affected by personality traits and experience (convicted in past, Gudjonsson, 1992). The literature on miscarriages of justice highlights the role of coercion in obtaining confessions and the problem with convictions based only or mainly on confessions. Using unfair means and tactics to secure a conviction is sometimes known as noble cause corruption. That is to say, so strong is the desire to achieve a correct conviction that any means to that end are justified. The adversarial process combined with the pressure for a quick result creates noble cause corruption. Resounding examples are Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, which have been described in newspapers as the worst miscarriages of justice in England in the last century. The Guildford four took palce on 5 October 1974, in which members of the Irish Republican Army planted bombs in two public houses in Guildford, Surrey: the Horse Groom and the Seven Stars. The attacks left five people killed and over 100 injured. Kennedy (1989) describes how Conlon, came to sign his confession and what previously happened. Pol ice officers were violent and immoral. As Conlon stated I was crying and frightened. Simmons said if I didnt make a statement, he would ring Belfast first thing in the morning and I would never see my mother or sister again. The last of my resistance shattered when he said this. I was crying and shaking uncontrollably. I said my family hadnt done anything. I fell apart. Simmons said what happened to my family was up to me. I said I would make a statement like they wanted, but it wouldnt be true as I really didnt do it (Kennedy, 1989). The four men spent 15 years in prison before the case was overturned in 1989 after a new police investigation had found serious flaws in the way Surrey police noted the confessions of the four: that the notes taken were not written up immediately and officers may have colluded in the wording of the statements (Gudjonsson, 2003). Another event happened as it was called The Birmingham Six, after one month when Guildford four took place, namely on 21 Nove mber 1974. Two public houses In Birmingham were bombed by the IRA in which 21 people were killed and more than 160 were injured. Six men were convicted for this crime and they were released after 16 years (in 1991) Scientists admitted in court that forensic tests which were originally said to confirm two of the six had been handling explosives could have produced the same results from handling cigarettes (Gudjonsson,2003). In Guildford four, the confessions that had been central of their conviction in 1975 were shown to be unreliable and in, sometimes fabricated. In the second case, Birmingham Six, the confession was discredited. Thomas Heron, who was on trial for the murder of a young girl, was acquitted when the interviews, which led to his confession, were dismissed by the trial judge as oppressive. In this case interviews were recorded in compare of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six in which the interviews were not recorded. The Police Studies Institute Report found (1983) that the most widespread opinion about police interviewing and the most popular police misconduct is that police officers threatening and the use of unfair pressure. Around fifty percent of the respondents believed that police use threats and pressure at least sometimes but the more important is twenty five percent thought that it often happens and this was a usual behaviour of police officers. A de facto percentage of Londoners believed that other kinds of misconduct happened at least once in a while. Around ten percent of Londoners thought police officers fabricate evidence and use inexcusable violence on people were detained at police stations. The findings of this research showed the public perception which was negative and critical against police. . The majority of Londoners had serious doubt about police conduct. People did not trust police interviewing, it showed that there was a complete lack of confidence and reliability (Smit h 1983: 325). One third of young white people thought the police often used threats or unreasonable pressure during custodial questioning while 62 per cent of young people of West Indian descent believed that they did so. Therefore, people were critical of police where they had a high degree of conduct with the police or they were subject to a high level of victimisation (Jones et al, 1986). The successful appeals of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six and the acquittal of Heron received widespread publicity and brought heavy criticism of the police and affected public opinion. A general public survey found that 73 per cent of the participants believed that the police broke the rules to obtain convictions (Williamson, 1991). By 1993 police interviews were described as a grave concern (Shepherd 1993). These surveys provide a rich picture of the nature and quality of the relationship between the citizen and the police in the past (Williamson, 2005). By the 1970s and 1980s in England and Wales it was clear that the legitimacy of the criminal justice system was at stake. Something had to be done. This became the focus of policy making. Such were the concerns that the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1981) was set up, in turn leading to the passing in 1984 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) a key piece of legislation to monitor, amongst other things, the integrity of evidence production (Maguire, 2003) Through PACE (enacted 1986), police interviews with suspects were to be tape-recorded. This, it was hoped, meant the old regime of police investigations would be brought to an end and police interviews should be open to scrutiny (Lea, 2004). PACE suggested that investigation should separate from prosecution and should have an independent investigation service. Scientists with educational background should work in these laboratories and help the police to investigations and police officers had to be trained. All pol ice manuals are based on experience rather than objective and scientific data. Experience is invaluable to police work and its usefulness is illustrated by the effectiveness of the techniques recommended. However, relying solely upon experience in determining procedure may create serious pitfalls and fail to bring to light important facts about human behaviour, such as the susceptibility of some suspects to give erroneous information when placed under interviewing pressure. What is needed is more research into the effectiveness and pitfalls of different interviewing techniques. Also they argued that forensic laboratories should be independent from police. Home Office Circular 22/1992 provides the following seven principles of investigative interviewing: 1. The role of investigative interviewing is to obtain accurate and reliable information from suspects, witnesses or victims in order to discover the truth about matters under police investigation. 2. Investigative interviewing should be approached with an open mind. Information obtained from the person who is being interviewed should always be tested against what the interviewing officer already knows or what can reasonably be established. 3. When questioning anyone a police officer must act fairly in the circumstances of each individual case. 4. The police interviewer is not bound to accept the first answer given. Questioning is not unfair merely because it is persistent. 5. Even when the right to silence is exercised by a suspect the police still have a right to put questions. 6. When conducting an interview, police officers are free to ask questions in order to establish the truth; except for interviews with child victims of sexual or violent abuse which are to be used in criminal proceedings, they are not constrained by the rules applied to lawyers in court. 7. Vulnerable people, whether victims, witnesses or suspects, must be treated with particular consideration at all times. Questioning also may be considered oppressive if the officer asks: multiple questions (i.e. several questions rolled into one); ambiguous questions (i.e. where the potential answers have more than one meaning); irrelevant questions (i.e. questions which have no logical connection with the police enquiry); questions concerning other offences; hypothetical questions; questions based on dubious or non-existent evidence; questions concerning a co-suspect. (Home Office Circular 22/1992) The effectiveness of Pace is debatable, on the one hand McConville and colleagues suggested in 1991 that little of police interviews had changed especially in relation to interrogative suggestibility. Namely, the tape recording of interviews had not changed the power relations in the whole interview process, principally the fact that Interrogation takes place in an environment which increases the vulnerability of the suspect and maximises the authority and control of the police (1991, p78). On the other hand, Ede and Shepherd (2000, p109) stated that tape recording of PACE interviews led to a sharp decline in forceful interviewing and revealed the widespread ineptitude of police officers in the interviewing role In the same concept Milne and Bull (2003) report experience officers views. Since the 1986 introduction of PACE regarding audio-taping interviews with suspects, police interviews have become better planned, more structured, and the use of trickery and deceit has all but vanis hed (p121) . PACE appears to have markedly reduced the number of manipulative and persuasive techniques that police officers use when interrogating suspects, except perhaps in the most serious cases (Milne and Bull, 1999). Interestingly, there appears to have been no overall effects on the confession rate of suspects. The reason that police interviewing was still poor (Baldwin, 1992) was because of police role in the investigation of offences was still one of persuading suspects to confess rather than engaging in a process of inquiry, which was a search for the truth. The persistence on confession evidence also meant that witness and victims were often ignored, not seen as an important part of the investigation process, consequently were not interviewed methodically and so were not capable to present all the information they were competent of giving as evidence (Adler and Grey, 2010). Obviously, there was a need for a change of investigative interviewing to meet the ideals of the new legislation and to prevent challenges to the evidence achieved through questioning. This constituted in the establishment of a national committee on investigative interviewing that involved police officers, lawyers and psychologists. That result was the beginning of the PEACE interviewing model (Milne et al, 2007).

Eulogy for Father :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Father For the first time in my life, I'll celebrate Father's Day this year without my dad. The man who had the most influence on the man I became passed away on April 14. Jack was 79. It has been said that the loss of a parent is one of life's most traumatic events. I now know the devastating truth of that statement. I've been told that, in time, the hurt will fade, only to be replaced by positive memories that soothe the soul. Already, I can feel that happening. Maybe it's because my father and I had a simple and loving relationship. He was a remarkably good man, like many of the inspiring role models and mentors who frequently appear in Fast Company's pages. Like them, he was a person of devotion and integrity, a man who understood a hard day's work. Yet, unlike most of them, he never had the advantage of a college education. He worked pretty much his entire life in two places: a dye house and a post-office sorting facility. His core accomplishment was family. And as his only child, I was the lucky beneficiary. My father poured vast amounts of love and energy into me during my most formative years. That is why I measure his life in the warehouse of photographs and movies he created for me. It is why I measure it in the size of his hands. Because what I remember most about my father are those sandpaper-rough hands, made rugged from factory work. From my earliest days, he took my hand in his and we discovered the world together. With his hand in mine, we walked through New York's Times Square. We went to Tad's Steakhouse, where you could get a T-bone, a baked potato, a hunk of garlic bread, and a tossed salad for $2.79. We went to my grandmother's house on Saturday afternoons for endless games of gin rummy, Parcheesi, and Chinese checkers. We went for long hikes on Sunday afternoons, through the nearby woods. We hitchhiked together. We played music together -- he on a keyboard, me on a drum kit. We strolled the railroad tracks together in Paterson, New Jersey, laying pennies on the rails and waiting for the train to pass so we could use the flattened coins for guitar picks. We fished together, in rowboats, off riverbanks and bridges, in rivers and lakes, with worms and fish eggs, and lures and flies.

Family Assessment Essay

As a nurse practicing in today’s health care environment it is always important to be very attentive for the needs of the patient and the patient’s family. In order to realize the needs of the patient and the patients loved ones it is often helpful to conduct a family assessment. This assessment was carried out on an urban family which is in the middle income group. Some of the factors which were inferred from the assessment were as follows. In terms of values, health and nutrition, it was found that the members paid much emphasis to this. As s matter of fact, the initial family expenditure was on these three. Health is taken as a vital requirement and all the individuals need to have it. This is the same case with rest. Since most of the members are quite busy all through the day, the family spends some time together in the evening before retiring to bed. Most of the free time is spent having the family together in a relaxed atmosphere (Ritchie, 2012). The family is very concerned for the patient’s needs and overall well-being. They are so concerned about elimination, though the need for exercise and activity is highly acknowledged. The members appreciate and know the need for physical fitness. As such, they try to make sure that they attain it. Nevertheless, they have such tight schedules that they do not get enough time to be engaged in these. This is quite unfortunate. On the cognitive factors, the family is highly receptive. The level attained in the family is based on the importance it attaches to the cognitive development. The children have gone through learning institutions and are still in pursuit of knowledge and education. This is the same case with the parents. They work with the notion that information is power. As it pertains to health care sometimes simple common sense comes into play. Sensory perception is taken as a defining factor of the common sense. However, there is a saying that common sense is not common to all. Nevertheless, this family has greatly attained this sensory perception. Everyone is aware of their surroundings and they are willing to work towards making the family even better. Their self-esteem is also quiet high. Based on the findings from the interview, they have high regard of each other due to the accomplishments they have seen in their lives. Their high esteem is based on the fact that they do not compare themselves with others. Rather, they believe in who they are. This also helps to streamline their roles relationship since everyone understands his/her position in the family and does as is appropriate to their role (IFNA, 2012). Sexuality is a very touchy issue for many people but it is something that often needs to be addressed. The issue of sexuality is a major concern for many, since people tend to have different sexual orientations. This family remains open to the issue of sexuality and everyone has the freedom to choose or decide the path he wants to follow. However, this has to fall in line with the family values which they hold dearly. Lastly, there is the aspect of coping. This family, just like many others, encounters daily challenges. However, it has managed to come through all of them. The reason cited by the members is because they believe in the harmony and unity of a family. Therefore, the problem of one is a problem for all. The family works with the philosophy of one for all and all for one. This is what has made the family stand all along besides the challenges they face (Ritchie, 2012). As it pertains to diagnosis assessment can be very helpful. In diagnosing this family, there are two main nursing diagnoses that can be reached at. These are in line with the International Family Nursing Organization (2012). These two are emotional readiness as well as the status and function. These two seem to be very consistent in this family. They are as indicated in the paragraphs below. The emotional well-being of a person goes a long way in terms of having good physical health. On the emotional status, IFNA (2012) talks of the emotional readiness where the people are ready to change or take up traits that can help the family to function normally. The emotional status has it that a family is ready to take up the health options available. On this aspect, the family proved to be ready for the changes that would benefit it. Most of the members agreed that they were ready to adopt healthier practices that could improve their health. For instance, they acknowledged that they needed to be more vigilant in exercising and physical activity. This was a good status of mind. Sometimes if a person displays destructive behavior there needs to be a willingness to improve and change. Despite the willingness to change, a challenge that faces this family is the status and function. According to the IFNA (2012), this diagnoses has it that a family or individual should have the will to change. However, the circumstances are not favorable. This is the same case that applies with the family. All the members are ready and willing to change and adopt the healthy options. However, they do not have the time in which they can undertake these activities. All they have is the willingness to change but the factors around them do not allow them to. In conclusion, this essay has looked at the family health assessment. It has defined how a family diagnosis can be done and the factors affecting it. This has been followed up by a case study looking at a real family and performing a health analysis on it. From the discussion, it has come out quiet clearly that family assessment should be based on the health and functionality of the family as a unit. For this reason, the family health model comes in handy as an assessment method. This was as seen in the case study which reveals the need for a comprehensive family assessment. It leads to the realization of all factors affecting a family’s health and functionality; hence coming up with proper intervention strategies.

American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Essays

American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Essays American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Paper American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Paper According to the American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI), over 400,000 babies are born prematurely or at a low birth weight. As a result of being born early they are more likely to require high-technology intensive and specialized care in the hospital and follow-up care as infants and children. As a result, many have chronic medical problems and developmental problems. Some of the problems consist of respiratory distress, feeding issues, language delays and several other problems. As a mother of a premature infant, I know these issues are a major concern when the baby is born and the stress that it can put on the families. In order to be able to deal with the situation effectively you have to acquire information and learn the good and the bad that come with having a premature infant. When a baby is born prematurely there are a number of tests that the baby has to go through. First the doctors and nurses have to assess the baby’s heart, lungs, color and temperature. If the baby is having trouble with any of these things then it is taken into what is called the neonatal intensive care unit. In some of the smaller hospitals they aren’t equipped with the technology that is needed to keep the baby alive and the baby has to be transported to a bigger hospital, usually to a hospital in a metropolitan city in order to get the proper care. After the baby has been assessed for problems then it is watched closely for the next 48 hours. This is the most critical time for a baby born too early. During this time the doctors can determine if the baby is going to have a long road ahead of them or if the baby is healthy and will pull through the whole thing with flying colors. Sometimes, they may seem healthy and are progressing well and then they could have a turn for the worse without any warning signs at all. For a parent, this can be very stressful and overwhelming all at the same time. When a preemie is able to breathe on its own and its body can regulate the heart and body temperature on its own the child has a great chance of going home. This can take weeks and it can even take months, it depends on the baby and how healthy it is when it is born. Going home is just the beginning of taking care of this very special individual. Some may go home without any worries and then there are some that are still having trouble with breathing. This is called apnea and when a baby has apnea they are monitored continuously until the baby’s lungs regulate the breathing. Some are sent home with oxygen to assist them with their breathing and some are sent home on monitors to make sure they are breathing correctly. As a result of being born prematurely there are numerous doctors visits and then specialists that have to be seen to make sure that some of the medications given didn’t affect any of the baby’s internal organs following the arrival to their new home. For instance, a baby that gets too much oxygen at birth can have trouble with their eyes. This is when a retinopathy of prematurity test is completed. This determines if the retina of the eyes are attached or detached from the eyeball. They are also checked more frequently for development and growth. A premature infant is normally behind in developing mentally and physically. On the average preemie they will catch up to the development and growth within the first two years of life. Some that have more health problems will be further behind. Although, preemies can have very few or numerous problems, they grow to be healthy happy children and adults. Premature infants are very special. They have to go through so much, beginning with their entrance into the world, that they deserve the special treatment that they are given by all that care for them. A premature infant does not stay sick. They do get better and go on to live normal healthy and happy lives. It can be one of the most difficult things that a parent has to go through, but it helps you to appreciate what you have been given and makes a stronger person within the child and the parents. Work Cited American Association of Premature Infants 6 June 2000