56 Google Search Tricks for Students - The Writers For Hire

56 GOOGLE SEARCH TRICKS FOR STUDENTS This article is courtesy of OnlineDegree.net A great list of tips for anyone who does research online. Google has been around for ages, and if youre just starting college, youve probably used the search engine for most of your academic life. But theres more to the powerful search tool than just typing in keywords. Here are 56 Google search tricks for all types of students, whether youre in high school, pursuing an online degree, or are just trying to brush up on your own research skills. Advanced Search When youre searching for specific material, use Advanced Search to plug in qualifiers that will narrow down your search. Here are more Advanced Search tricks to learn. Search within a domain: Only let Google bring up .edu or .gov sites, for example, if you want primary sources or authoritative information. Select file type: This very handy qualifier is useful when you need to quickly find certain types of data or information for a presentation. You can choose to limit results to .pdf, .xls, Google Earth, .doc, .rtf, and more. : If youre looking to use open source material or unlicensed material, this is a good trick to make sure youre on track. Exclude terms: Use a minus sign right before a word (-example) to eliminate it from your search results. Wildcard search: The * key acts as a wildcard in Google search that can be helpful with early stages of research. Google gives the example [Obama voted * on the * bill] to learn about Obamas votes on several different bills. Limit synonyms: Did you know that Google sometimes finds results that dont match your search exactly, but that use synonyms instead? Type in the + sign before a search to eliminate synonyms and use your words only. Language: For foreign language or international business or policy classes, or if you just have to have a primary source, use this selector to change language settings. Where your keywords show up: When youre looking for very specific information or for a specific kind of source, you can use this feature to limit where the keywords show up in your search: the URL, title of the article, in links to the page, or just anywhere in the page. Find pages that link to the page: Use this feature when you want to do a little more digging. Youll stumble across blog posts, journal articles and news stories that offer more in-depth commentary. Quotation marks: Put quotation marks around a phrase to let Google know you want that exact phrase in that order. Scholar Search Google Scholar is an excellent resource for undergraduate and graduate students who want a quick way to connect to authoritative information from journals and scholarly publications. Use these tips to search Scholar. Search by author: Scholar recommends using the authors initials, or at least first initial and last name, to increase your results. Search by journal: Used Scholars Advanced Search to find articles published in a specific journal or publication. Find articles and pieces that reference that article: By typing in the name of an article in quotation marks, youll find that paper plus other papers that reference it. Limit by date: Make sure youre citing the most updated research by limiting your returns by date. Find court opinions: If youre searching for court opinions, you can search by state, choose only U.S. federal court opinions, or expand your search to all journals and opinions. Select collections: Also in Advanced Search is the option to select collections like Chemistry and Materials Science or Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities. Search Library Links: Under Google Scholar Preferences, youll find the option to find library access links. Start with citations, then move offline: Sometimes Google will pull up a citation but not the whole piece because it hasnt found it online. If it looks like a good match for your research, copy it down and bring it to your librarian for help locating it. Find foreign language journals: Look for primary materials from foreign language journals in Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish and more. Bibliography Manager: Bibliography Manager is a Scholar feature that lets you add citations in various formats like RefWorks, RefMan, EndNote, and BibTeX. This is found in the Preferences section. Reference Tools and Tips Google is full of tricks for pulling up statistics, basic facts and reference material. Check here for great shortcuts for finding definitions and more. Dictionary: Type the word define before the word you want to look up in the Google search bar. Calculator: Just type in an equation with the = sign to use Googles calculator feature. You can find more calculator operators and symbols here. Books: Click on the Books option under Shop Options after entering your search. Youll find Google books on the subject, and can quickly add them to your library or preview them. Unit conversion: Let Google complete unit conversions for you when you type in a problem, like 4 lbs in kg. Cooking conversions: When youre trying out moms recipes at school, use this feature to solve cooking conversions. Numeric ranges: If you want to know who was president during a certain timeframe, type in president 1940†¦1950 for example. You can also use this feature to find results that contain certain dollar amounts or other numerical ranges. Stock Quotes: For business classes, you can use the Stock Quotes search by typing in the ticker symbol. Google will bring up current stock quotes. Glossary: Type in a word followed by ~glossary to find glossaries, term lists and dictionary entries for that word. Package tracking: Find out when your next care package arrives when you use this feature. Public data: Look up public data by typing in keywords and a location, like population california. Area Code Lookup: This feature should be useful when applying for jobs or looking for places to visit in your area for research. Froogle: Whether youre shopping for the best deal or are conducting market research for a project, use Googles product search tool, Froogle. Notes and Organization Keep your research organized with these tricks. Search within a site: Type example search term site: example website to search a keyword or search term within that site only, if you need to use a particular source. SearchWiki: Use SearchWiki to star and edit your favorite results, even hidden ones. info:: Find information about a website if you need to verify it or collect data for a citation. Custom Search Engine: Create your own custom search engine with Google. You can name it, pick the language, and select only certain sites to be searched. Learn how to assess credibility: This slide explains how to check a pages about section, find a date and author, and verify the authors credentials on Google. Google Toolbar: Great for study groups, this toolbar lets you share websites with friends and translate web pages. Pay attention to Googles indents: Google indents results when theyre from the same website as the result above it. Social and New Media Search Google is a great tool for finding images, toying around with new media, and locating and connecting with people online. Here are some Google tips to help you maximize Googles cutting edge potential. Google Maps eye-level perspective: Once youve searched for a particular map, drag the little person icon (located at the top of the zoom in/zoom out bar) anywhere on the map to get an eye-level perspective. Google Groups: When you want to pull up information from Google Groups only, you can type in the authors name, group name or insubject: and the subject keyword. Updates: After conducting a search, click on the Updates button under Show Options. Youll get a steady stream of the most updated social media comments about that topic. Clicking Discussions will take you to forums QA pages. Google Image Search: You probably know how to use image search, but did you know its a useful way to ID people and look up foreign language definitions? Knol: While it may not be the most authoritative search tool, Knol can help you start your research and find out how others around the world are reacting to current events and popular discussion topics. Recognize faces: Follow this link for instructions on how to get Google to recognize faces, and not bring up other image results when you type in someones name. Shortcuts Use these shortcuts to make your Google searches even faster. Im Feeling Lucky: If youre an expert searcher, use this button on the Google search page to get automatically directed to the first web page that would normally show up in a list in a general search. Better than and reminds me of: This weird little tip will help you find comparisons. Just type in either search term and then a keyword, all enclosed in quotation marks. cache:: Use this shortcut to show a web page in its cached version. related:: Type in a website after related: to find related sites. Shortcut for spellcheck: Dont bother going to a dictionary website to see if you spelled something correctly: just enter it into Googles search bar, and the did you mean†¦ suggestion will pop up with the correct spelling. Google Blog Search: Blog Search is another quick way to jump to blog posts only. Set up iGoogle: Personalize your Google homepage so that it contains links to your favorite feeds and research pages. Miscellaneous From looking for jobs to understanding case sensitivity, here are more Google tricks for students. Google Job Directory: Use this tool to look for job opportunities, including seasonal jobs and job fairs. Delete search history: You can clear your address bar history, Google Toolbar history, and Google search box history here. Search operators are case sensitive: Google isnt case sensitive when it reads your keywords, but operators like OR are.

Desert ecosystems essays

Desert ecosystems essays Desert ecosystems are one of the most extreme and diverse ecosystems of them all. Everything from the harsh climate changes, the animal inhabitants, and their creation make them the most unique. Even though this ecosystem is very intimidating it is very week. In this report we will try to explain everything there is to know about this very different ecosystem. The single factor that distinguishes desert ecosystems from other biomes is the minimal amount of rainfall received annually (no more than 10 inches). Most deserts lie between the latitudes of 15Â ° and 35Â ° on each side of the earth's equator. These latitudes are in zones of high atmospheric pressure. These high pressure zones are created by the way the air moves over the earth. At the equator where temperatures are high, air becomes warm and rises. As the air rises, it cools and releases moisture over regions near the equator. In time, the air descends over areas that extend between 15Â ° and 35Â ° both north and south of the equator. As it descends, it becomes warm and dry. This warm air causes desert conditions. The Sahara and several other great deserts lie in this region. Regions separated from an ocean by mountains also tend to be dry. A moist wind blowing inland from an ocean loses its moisture as it rises over mountains and becomes cool. As the wind descends on the side of the mountains facing land, it becomes warm and dry. This warm air creates a rain shadow, or dry area. The North American deserts developed partly because of the rain-shadow effect. Cold ocean currents flowing next to a continent can cause deserts to form in areas along the coast. Deserts form because the cool winds that blow across the cold water and onto the land can carry little moisture. The Atacama Desert in South America is an example of such a desert. A change in climate can cause changes in the location and extent of deserts. During the last few thousand years, many de ...

The importance of lesson plan and methods in the Foundation Program Essay

The importance of lesson plan and methods in the Foundation Program used in Omani Universities to the study of language skills - Essay Example s primarily on the enhancement of students’ proficiency in English, so students enrolled in the program have a full day schedule with a weekly load of around 30 hours, including study groups.† â€Å"The program is communicative in nature, shifting the emphasis from grammar to meaningful oral and written communication.  The instructional materials adopted for the program have performance-based objectives as well as clear scope and sequence for teaching communicative skills. The program approaches language as a tool of communication and stresses reading and writing as the two main language skills instrumental for students success in university-level education through the medium of English.   The teaching methodology treats language skills in an integrated fashion and incorporates study skills into the program.   The teaching methodology is communicative in nature, presenting authentic and simulated communicative tasks in real life However most of the students in the foundation programmer are unappreciative with the role of English language. In this stage of a students’ academic life, it is very important for the teacher to find effective ways to help these students progress to the next level. Teachers must know their students and their needs very well. They have to decide on which communication skills they would develop : reading, writing, speaking, listening, or phonology. As with any instructional method, everything starts with lesson planning. A well-developed lesson plan is the foundation to a good execution of a lesson. According to research, planning sets the stage in teaching and school learning making it the most critical part of instruction teaching and school learning (Clark & Dunn, 1991). The lesson plan must align with the goals of the program as well as the curriculum so that it would fit the context of the learner. In short, the lesson plan must translate into instruction the goals of the Foundation Program. Since the program aims to focus

Taxation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Essay Example In recent time different type of taxation function differently and it explain their reason for resource allocation, income distribution and aggregate demand in the economy. According to Modern Monetary Theory, taxation is a necessary tool used in controlling the amount of money in the economy. Taxation ensured that government spending is done while checking on the increase in inflation. Government spending increases the supply of money and boosts the countries spending in the short run. Taxations of the spending ensure that it reduces the supply of money and thus reduces inflations in the long run. Through taxation the governments ‘does eat the cake and have it.’ Public expenditure ensures people are provided the necessary services and at the same time government collect revenue out of money paid in completion of its projects. All forms of taxations are believed to have an impact on the allocation of resources with except of poll tax. Taxation changes the relative prices of goods and services making both producers and consumers adjust accordingly whenever there are changes in taxations (The principles of Taxation). Therefore, government taxes producers in specific economic sectors to discourage the inefficiency. For example, the increase in alcohol beverages taxation is ensured to discourage on the consumption of alcohol in the economy. According to the U.K government, the consumption of alcohol reduces the productivity of the people which in turn reduces the countries incomes. In an economy, there are public and private goods. Moreover, the production of these goods results to production of externalities as byproducts. The production process can produce negative and positive externality, and it is the function of government to control on the production of the negative externality. This reason gives the government power to use the power of taxation to minimize or remedies the

Bussines Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Bussines Law - Essay Example One of these categories is the business law. Business law involves all the laws that govern the relationship between any business entity and all the parties involved in the entity’s practices. Business law provides guidelines on how a business body conducts its practices with all the stakeholders like the employees, the customers, the society and the shareholders. Therefore, the rules contained in business law provide an avenue for resolving any dispute pertaining business practices (Cabrelli 22). Some of the fundamental elements in business law are the employment law and the contract law. Contract law governs the relationship between a business firm and any party that may enter into a contract with it, while employment law relates the business firm with its work force. Employment law falls under both the state statutes and the federal laws. Its scope extents to employees claim involving termination of employment contracts, discrimination, and employee’s compensation. This type of business mainly deals with the employees’ and the employers’ relationship with each other, their actions, and their responsibilities in the work place. When incorporated into employment law, contract law governs the agreement between the employer and the employee (Cabrelli 67). In this context, all the elements of contract law applies in establishing the terms and conditions of employment. In the subject case concerning Jill’s employment, the major types of laws that will be applied is both the employment law and the contract law. Employment law will represent the entire relationship between Jill and the Momma Mia Company, while contract law governs the agreement between Jill and the company. Therefore, Jill will pursue the elements of employment and contract law during the judicial process. On the first element involving the violation of contract, the plaintiff must argue that the agreement was made after consideration

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay CHAPTER 1- Interviewing suspects and witnesses is a basic operation of policing all over the world. In England and Wales, pre PACE, historically there was no formal interview training for police officers and officers learnt how to interview through observation of other police officers. Thus, the best evidence of guilt was confessions and theoretically good interviewers were those who could convince suspects to confess to crimes. Police interviews prior 1984 were governed by Judges Rules, these were just guidelines for the officers who they were allowed to execute interviews unrecorded and then to write a report of the interview from memory. Afterwards, officers memory of the interview was presented in court from the handwriting report. The dangers of this are self-evident officers can pick up bad practises or miss valuable information. Eventually investigations can be damaged, disrupted or even destroyed. The secrecy of the police interview room led to widespread concern about the tactics used to extract confessions things like intimidation, oppression, deception, and even physical violence (Leo, 1992). It has been shown that these tactics can lead to false confessions, in which case a double miscarriage of justice occurs not only is an innocent person convicted but the true offender remains free (Gudjonsson, 1992). The aim of this chapter is to discuss the old investigative interviewing which led to miscarriages of justice. Also, what was happening to police interviewing, why false confessions were frequent phenomenon and what types of false confessions exist. An important theme is public perception about police interviewing at this historical time. Finally the primary improvements that have been done, such as PACE and Circulars 7 and 22. Miscarriages of Justice When the term miscarriages of justice is used, it usually refers to what are called questionable convictions or wrongful convictions. Walker (1999: 52-5) summarises the causes of questionable convictions which are: fabrication of evidence, unreliable identification of an offender by the police or witnesses, unreliable expert evidence, unreliable confessions resulting from police pressure or the vulnerability of suspects, non disclosure of evidence by the police or prosecution, the conduct of the trial and problems associated with appeals procedures. However, the term miscarriages of justice as relating to questionable convictions is itself partly adequate (Adler and Gray, 2010). Consequently, the term can also occur when there is no action, inaction or questionable actions, whereby an offence has taken place but no action or insufficient action or interference has followed. Questionable actions include police unprofessional conduct and lack of ability (e.g, failures to investigate ef fectively, poor treatment of victims and their family), insufficient prosecution processes (poor communication with police, risk avoidance ), and problematic trial practices (hostile cross examination of witness, weak presentation of the prosecution case). Therefore, questionable actions represent police failure to identify suspects and to press charges, the lack of success of the prosecution to mount a case, the collapse of the prosecution case during the trial and as a result, agencies ineffectiveness to inform or support victims and their families (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). Traditionally, the primary aim of police investigators has been to obtain a confession from the primary suspect, the confession being seen by officers to be the key of a successful investigation and the predominant means by which a conviction can be secured. To understand why a confession was so pivotal concern it is essential to consider the operation of various systems of justice. In an adversarial system, the judge is considered to be neutral during the trial process and should leave the presentation of the case to the prosecution and defence who prepare their case, call and examine witnesses. According to Zander (1994), the adversarial system is not a search for the truth. The inquisitorial system aim to be a search for the truth, in this system the judge is not neutral but will play critical role in the presentation of the evidence at the trial. The Judge calls and examines the defendant and the witness. While the trial is in progress lawyers for the prosecution and defence can merely ask complementary questions. The Royal Commission stated that It is important not to overstate the differences between the two systems because all adversarial systems contain inquisitorial elements and vice versa (Runciman, 1993). The court was not interested in the truth; it just had to decide whether punishment has been applied beyond all rational doubt. Therefore, it is not surprising that confession evidence had priority and investigators relied on a confession within the investigation process. Certainly, investigators focused on a confession and to attain a confession used coercive methods, allowing the investigation team to move on to the next case. False confessions lead to false convictions, thus police officers reproduced miscarriages of justice within their behaviour and interviewing tactics (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). False confessions lead to false convictions In the UK and other countries, a number of miscarriages of justice have established that false confessions occur and a large number of these are due to factors which exist within the interview context. Kassin and McNall (1991) analysed the tactics described by Inbau, Reid and Buckley (1986) which lead to false confessions; and found two categories: maximisation, where interviewers use scare tactics to intimidate a suspect believe to be guilty and minimisation, where interviewers underrate the offence seriousness and charges. Three categories of false confessions were identified by Gudjonsson and MacKeith (1988) and expanded by Shepherd (1996). These categories are as follows: Voluntary false confession Voluntary false confessions occur when the interviewee falsely confesses for personal reason without pressure. Possible reasons that suspect give false confession are: to exempt feelings of guilt about a real or imagined crime or situation in the past (this is most possible to happen for people with depression, Gudjonsson, 1992). To pre-empt further investigation of a more serious offence; to cover up the real culprit; to gain notoriety- a wish to become infamous and to enhance ones self esteem; an inability to distinguish reality from imagination(people with schizophrenia); to take a revenge on another and to hide other non criminal actions. Coerced-compliant false confession Coerced-compliant false confessions arise when the interviewee agrees to make a confession in order to make some kind of gain. This category of false confession occur from social influence factor; compliance. Compliance is a change in ones behaviour for contributory purposes, it is first found in Aschs (1956) primary studies of conformity and Milgrams (1974) research on obedience to authority. Interviewee sees the short term advantages of confessing (being released) outweighing the long term costs (such as prosecution and imprisonment). People, who are passable to compliance such as people with learning disabilities, may be especially vulnerable to this type of false confession. Coerced-internalised false confession The last category is a coerced-internalised false confession in such cases suspects come to believe that they are guilty because they no longer trust their own memory of certain details. This type of false confession derives from a cognitive effect and refers to the internal acceptance of beliefs held by others. An interviewee who is anxious, tired and confused actually comes to believe he or she committed the crime. The suspects memory may be altered in interviewing process. This can be linked to the false memory syndrome. The memory distrust syndrome concerns interviewees who distrust their own memory and consequently depend on external guide for information (in this particular situation -interviewer, Wolchover Heaton-Amstrong, 1996). This syndrome can be explained in two ways. The first relates to amnesia or memory damage. The interviewee has no clear memory and does not remember if he committed the crime or not. Also he or she does not remember what exactly happened the time of the crime. This may be due to amnesia or alcohol induced memory problems. The second way occurs when the interviewee is aware that he or she did not commit the crime and when the interviewer makes cases, manipulates the interviewee with suggestions. The suspect mistrusts his or her self and start thinking if he or she committed the crime. Ofshe (1989), stated that three common personality characteristics are situated on people who give this type of false confessions. They trust in people of authority, lack of self confidence and heightened suggestibility. Gudjonsson (1997) also argued, the false belief and false memories in cases of coerced- internalised false confession are most commonly developed as a result of manipulative interviewing techniques. Gudjonsson and Clark (1986) also introduced the theory of suggestibility which is a theoretical model of interrogative suggestibility and arises from a social cognitive viewpoint. It is argued, that most people would be susceptible to suggestions if the necessary conditions of uncertainty, interpersonal trust and heightened expectations are present. Implicit in such a model is the assumption that interrogative suggestibility is a distinct type of suggestibility. Gudjonsson also points out that; suggestibility is, to a certain extent, influenced by situational factors and experience. IS is defined as the extent to which, within a closed social interaction, people come to accept messages communicated during formal questioning, as a result of which their su bsequent behavioural response is affected (Gudjonsson and Clark, 1986). The IS is comprise two separate susceptibilities: to yield to leading questions, where yielding regards to the reliability of testimony and closely reflects memory processes; and to shift the primary answer in response to negative feedback, where shifting is related to coping process which are mainly affected by personality traits and experience (convicted in past, Gudjonsson, 1992). The literature on miscarriages of justice highlights the role of coercion in obtaining confessions and the problem with convictions based only or mainly on confessions. Using unfair means and tactics to secure a conviction is sometimes known as noble cause corruption. That is to say, so strong is the desire to achieve a correct conviction that any means to that end are justified. The adversarial process combined with the pressure for a quick result creates noble cause corruption. Resounding examples are Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, which have been described in newspapers as the worst miscarriages of justice in England in the last century. The Guildford four took palce on 5 October 1974, in which members of the Irish Republican Army planted bombs in two public houses in Guildford, Surrey: the Horse Groom and the Seven Stars. The attacks left five people killed and over 100 injured. Kennedy (1989) describes how Conlon, came to sign his confession and what previously happened. Pol ice officers were violent and immoral. As Conlon stated I was crying and frightened. Simmons said if I didnt make a statement, he would ring Belfast first thing in the morning and I would never see my mother or sister again. The last of my resistance shattered when he said this. I was crying and shaking uncontrollably. I said my family hadnt done anything. I fell apart. Simmons said what happened to my family was up to me. I said I would make a statement like they wanted, but it wouldnt be true as I really didnt do it (Kennedy, 1989). The four men spent 15 years in prison before the case was overturned in 1989 after a new police investigation had found serious flaws in the way Surrey police noted the confessions of the four: that the notes taken were not written up immediately and officers may have colluded in the wording of the statements (Gudjonsson, 2003). Another event happened as it was called The Birmingham Six, after one month when Guildford four took place, namely on 21 Nove mber 1974. Two public houses In Birmingham were bombed by the IRA in which 21 people were killed and more than 160 were injured. Six men were convicted for this crime and they were released after 16 years (in 1991) Scientists admitted in court that forensic tests which were originally said to confirm two of the six had been handling explosives could have produced the same results from handling cigarettes (Gudjonsson,2003). In Guildford four, the confessions that had been central of their conviction in 1975 were shown to be unreliable and in, sometimes fabricated. In the second case, Birmingham Six, the confession was discredited. Thomas Heron, who was on trial for the murder of a young girl, was acquitted when the interviews, which led to his confession, were dismissed by the trial judge as oppressive. In this case interviews were recorded in compare of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six in which the interviews were not recorded. The Police Studies Institute Report found (1983) that the most widespread opinion about police interviewing and the most popular police misconduct is that police officers threatening and the use of unfair pressure. Around fifty percent of the respondents believed that police use threats and pressure at least sometimes but the more important is twenty five percent thought that it often happens and this was a usual behaviour of police officers. A de facto percentage of Londoners believed that other kinds of misconduct happened at least once in a while. Around ten percent of Londoners thought police officers fabricate evidence and use inexcusable violence on people were detained at police stations. The findings of this research showed the public perception which was negative and critical against police. . The majority of Londoners had serious doubt about police conduct. People did not trust police interviewing, it showed that there was a complete lack of confidence and reliability (Smit h 1983: 325). One third of young white people thought the police often used threats or unreasonable pressure during custodial questioning while 62 per cent of young people of West Indian descent believed that they did so. Therefore, people were critical of police where they had a high degree of conduct with the police or they were subject to a high level of victimisation (Jones et al, 1986). The successful appeals of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six and the acquittal of Heron received widespread publicity and brought heavy criticism of the police and affected public opinion. A general public survey found that 73 per cent of the participants believed that the police broke the rules to obtain convictions (Williamson, 1991). By 1993 police interviews were described as a grave concern (Shepherd 1993). These surveys provide a rich picture of the nature and quality of the relationship between the citizen and the police in the past (Williamson, 2005). By the 1970s and 1980s in England and Wales it was clear that the legitimacy of the criminal justice system was at stake. Something had to be done. This became the focus of policy making. Such were the concerns that the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1981) was set up, in turn leading to the passing in 1984 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) a key piece of legislation to monitor, amongst other things, the integrity of evidence production (Maguire, 2003) Through PACE (enacted 1986), police interviews with suspects were to be tape-recorded. This, it was hoped, meant the old regime of police investigations would be brought to an end and police interviews should be open to scrutiny (Lea, 2004). PACE suggested that investigation should separate from prosecution and should have an independent investigation service. Scientists with educational background should work in these laboratories and help the police to investigations and police officers had to be trained. All pol ice manuals are based on experience rather than objective and scientific data. Experience is invaluable to police work and its usefulness is illustrated by the effectiveness of the techniques recommended. However, relying solely upon experience in determining procedure may create serious pitfalls and fail to bring to light important facts about human behaviour, such as the susceptibility of some suspects to give erroneous information when placed under interviewing pressure. What is needed is more research into the effectiveness and pitfalls of different interviewing techniques. Also they argued that forensic laboratories should be independent from police. Home Office Circular 22/1992 provides the following seven principles of investigative interviewing: 1. The role of investigative interviewing is to obtain accurate and reliable information from suspects, witnesses or victims in order to discover the truth about matters under police investigation. 2. Investigative interviewing should be approached with an open mind. Information obtained from the person who is being interviewed should always be tested against what the interviewing officer already knows or what can reasonably be established. 3. When questioning anyone a police officer must act fairly in the circumstances of each individual case. 4. The police interviewer is not bound to accept the first answer given. Questioning is not unfair merely because it is persistent. 5. Even when the right to silence is exercised by a suspect the police still have a right to put questions. 6. When conducting an interview, police officers are free to ask questions in order to establish the truth; except for interviews with child victims of sexual or violent abuse which are to be used in criminal proceedings, they are not constrained by the rules applied to lawyers in court. 7. Vulnerable people, whether victims, witnesses or suspects, must be treated with particular consideration at all times. Questioning also may be considered oppressive if the officer asks: multiple questions (i.e. several questions rolled into one); ambiguous questions (i.e. where the potential answers have more than one meaning); irrelevant questions (i.e. questions which have no logical connection with the police enquiry); questions concerning other offences; hypothetical questions; questions based on dubious or non-existent evidence; questions concerning a co-suspect. (Home Office Circular 22/1992) The effectiveness of Pace is debatable, on the one hand McConville and colleagues suggested in 1991 that little of police interviews had changed especially in relation to interrogative suggestibility. Namely, the tape recording of interviews had not changed the power relations in the whole interview process, principally the fact that Interrogation takes place in an environment which increases the vulnerability of the suspect and maximises the authority and control of the police (1991, p78). On the other hand, Ede and Shepherd (2000, p109) stated that tape recording of PACE interviews led to a sharp decline in forceful interviewing and revealed the widespread ineptitude of police officers in the interviewing role In the same concept Milne and Bull (2003) report experience officers views. Since the 1986 introduction of PACE regarding audio-taping interviews with suspects, police interviews have become better planned, more structured, and the use of trickery and deceit has all but vanis hed (p121) . PACE appears to have markedly reduced the number of manipulative and persuasive techniques that police officers use when interrogating suspects, except perhaps in the most serious cases (Milne and Bull, 1999). Interestingly, there appears to have been no overall effects on the confession rate of suspects. The reason that police interviewing was still poor (Baldwin, 1992) was because of police role in the investigation of offences was still one of persuading suspects to confess rather than engaging in a process of inquiry, which was a search for the truth. The persistence on confession evidence also meant that witness and victims were often ignored, not seen as an important part of the investigation process, consequently were not interviewed methodically and so were not capable to present all the information they were competent of giving as evidence (Adler and Grey, 2010). Obviously, there was a need for a change of investigative interviewing to meet the ideals of the new legislation and to prevent challenges to the evidence achieved through questioning. This constituted in the establishment of a national committee on investigative interviewing that involved police officers, lawyers and psychologists. That result was the beginning of the PEACE interviewing model (Milne et al, 2007).

Eulogy for Father :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Father For the first time in my life, I'll celebrate Father's Day this year without my dad. The man who had the most influence on the man I became passed away on April 14. Jack was 79. It has been said that the loss of a parent is one of life's most traumatic events. I now know the devastating truth of that statement. I've been told that, in time, the hurt will fade, only to be replaced by positive memories that soothe the soul. Already, I can feel that happening. Maybe it's because my father and I had a simple and loving relationship. He was a remarkably good man, like many of the inspiring role models and mentors who frequently appear in Fast Company's pages. Like them, he was a person of devotion and integrity, a man who understood a hard day's work. Yet, unlike most of them, he never had the advantage of a college education. He worked pretty much his entire life in two places: a dye house and a post-office sorting facility. His core accomplishment was family. And as his only child, I was the lucky beneficiary. My father poured vast amounts of love and energy into me during my most formative years. That is why I measure his life in the warehouse of photographs and movies he created for me. It is why I measure it in the size of his hands. Because what I remember most about my father are those sandpaper-rough hands, made rugged from factory work. From my earliest days, he took my hand in his and we discovered the world together. With his hand in mine, we walked through New York's Times Square. We went to Tad's Steakhouse, where you could get a T-bone, a baked potato, a hunk of garlic bread, and a tossed salad for $2.79. We went to my grandmother's house on Saturday afternoons for endless games of gin rummy, Parcheesi, and Chinese checkers. We went for long hikes on Sunday afternoons, through the nearby woods. We hitchhiked together. We played music together -- he on a keyboard, me on a drum kit. We strolled the railroad tracks together in Paterson, New Jersey, laying pennies on the rails and waiting for the train to pass so we could use the flattened coins for guitar picks. We fished together, in rowboats, off riverbanks and bridges, in rivers and lakes, with worms and fish eggs, and lures and flies.

Family Assessment Essay

As a nurse practicing in today’s health care environment it is always important to be very attentive for the needs of the patient and the patient’s family. In order to realize the needs of the patient and the patients loved ones it is often helpful to conduct a family assessment. This assessment was carried out on an urban family which is in the middle income group. Some of the factors which were inferred from the assessment were as follows. In terms of values, health and nutrition, it was found that the members paid much emphasis to this. As s matter of fact, the initial family expenditure was on these three. Health is taken as a vital requirement and all the individuals need to have it. This is the same case with rest. Since most of the members are quite busy all through the day, the family spends some time together in the evening before retiring to bed. Most of the free time is spent having the family together in a relaxed atmosphere (Ritchie, 2012). The family is very concerned for the patient’s needs and overall well-being. They are so concerned about elimination, though the need for exercise and activity is highly acknowledged. The members appreciate and know the need for physical fitness. As such, they try to make sure that they attain it. Nevertheless, they have such tight schedules that they do not get enough time to be engaged in these. This is quite unfortunate. On the cognitive factors, the family is highly receptive. The level attained in the family is based on the importance it attaches to the cognitive development. The children have gone through learning institutions and are still in pursuit of knowledge and education. This is the same case with the parents. They work with the notion that information is power. As it pertains to health care sometimes simple common sense comes into play. Sensory perception is taken as a defining factor of the common sense. However, there is a saying that common sense is not common to all. Nevertheless, this family has greatly attained this sensory perception. Everyone is aware of their surroundings and they are willing to work towards making the family even better. Their self-esteem is also quiet high. Based on the findings from the interview, they have high regard of each other due to the accomplishments they have seen in their lives. Their high esteem is based on the fact that they do not compare themselves with others. Rather, they believe in who they are. This also helps to streamline their roles relationship since everyone understands his/her position in the family and does as is appropriate to their role (IFNA, 2012). Sexuality is a very touchy issue for many people but it is something that often needs to be addressed. The issue of sexuality is a major concern for many, since people tend to have different sexual orientations. This family remains open to the issue of sexuality and everyone has the freedom to choose or decide the path he wants to follow. However, this has to fall in line with the family values which they hold dearly. Lastly, there is the aspect of coping. This family, just like many others, encounters daily challenges. However, it has managed to come through all of them. The reason cited by the members is because they believe in the harmony and unity of a family. Therefore, the problem of one is a problem for all. The family works with the philosophy of one for all and all for one. This is what has made the family stand all along besides the challenges they face (Ritchie, 2012). As it pertains to diagnosis assessment can be very helpful. In diagnosing this family, there are two main nursing diagnoses that can be reached at. These are in line with the International Family Nursing Organization (2012). These two are emotional readiness as well as the status and function. These two seem to be very consistent in this family. They are as indicated in the paragraphs below. The emotional well-being of a person goes a long way in terms of having good physical health. On the emotional status, IFNA (2012) talks of the emotional readiness where the people are ready to change or take up traits that can help the family to function normally. The emotional status has it that a family is ready to take up the health options available. On this aspect, the family proved to be ready for the changes that would benefit it. Most of the members agreed that they were ready to adopt healthier practices that could improve their health. For instance, they acknowledged that they needed to be more vigilant in exercising and physical activity. This was a good status of mind. Sometimes if a person displays destructive behavior there needs to be a willingness to improve and change. Despite the willingness to change, a challenge that faces this family is the status and function. According to the IFNA (2012), this diagnoses has it that a family or individual should have the will to change. However, the circumstances are not favorable. This is the same case that applies with the family. All the members are ready and willing to change and adopt the healthy options. However, they do not have the time in which they can undertake these activities. All they have is the willingness to change but the factors around them do not allow them to. In conclusion, this essay has looked at the family health assessment. It has defined how a family diagnosis can be done and the factors affecting it. This has been followed up by a case study looking at a real family and performing a health analysis on it. From the discussion, it has come out quiet clearly that family assessment should be based on the health and functionality of the family as a unit. For this reason, the family health model comes in handy as an assessment method. This was as seen in the case study which reveals the need for a comprehensive family assessment. It leads to the realization of all factors affecting a family’s health and functionality; hence coming up with proper intervention strategies.

American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Essays

American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Essays American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Paper American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI) Paper According to the American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI), over 400,000 babies are born prematurely or at a low birth weight. As a result of being born early they are more likely to require high-technology intensive and specialized care in the hospital and follow-up care as infants and children. As a result, many have chronic medical problems and developmental problems. Some of the problems consist of respiratory distress, feeding issues, language delays and several other problems. As a mother of a premature infant, I know these issues are a major concern when the baby is born and the stress that it can put on the families. In order to be able to deal with the situation effectively you have to acquire information and learn the good and the bad that come with having a premature infant. When a baby is born prematurely there are a number of tests that the baby has to go through. First the doctors and nurses have to assess the baby’s heart, lungs, color and temperature. If the baby is having trouble with any of these things then it is taken into what is called the neonatal intensive care unit. In some of the smaller hospitals they aren’t equipped with the technology that is needed to keep the baby alive and the baby has to be transported to a bigger hospital, usually to a hospital in a metropolitan city in order to get the proper care. After the baby has been assessed for problems then it is watched closely for the next 48 hours. This is the most critical time for a baby born too early. During this time the doctors can determine if the baby is going to have a long road ahead of them or if the baby is healthy and will pull through the whole thing with flying colors. Sometimes, they may seem healthy and are progressing well and then they could have a turn for the worse without any warning signs at all. For a parent, this can be very stressful and overwhelming all at the same time. When a preemie is able to breathe on its own and its body can regulate the heart and body temperature on its own the child has a great chance of going home. This can take weeks and it can even take months, it depends on the baby and how healthy it is when it is born. Going home is just the beginning of taking care of this very special individual. Some may go home without any worries and then there are some that are still having trouble with breathing. This is called apnea and when a baby has apnea they are monitored continuously until the baby’s lungs regulate the breathing. Some are sent home with oxygen to assist them with their breathing and some are sent home on monitors to make sure they are breathing correctly. As a result of being born prematurely there are numerous doctors visits and then specialists that have to be seen to make sure that some of the medications given didn’t affect any of the baby’s internal organs following the arrival to their new home. For instance, a baby that gets too much oxygen at birth can have trouble with their eyes. This is when a retinopathy of prematurity test is completed. This determines if the retina of the eyes are attached or detached from the eyeball. They are also checked more frequently for development and growth. A premature infant is normally behind in developing mentally and physically. On the average preemie they will catch up to the development and growth within the first two years of life. Some that have more health problems will be further behind. Although, preemies can have very few or numerous problems, they grow to be healthy happy children and adults. Premature infants are very special. They have to go through so much, beginning with their entrance into the world, that they deserve the special treatment that they are given by all that care for them. A premature infant does not stay sick. They do get better and go on to live normal healthy and happy lives. It can be one of the most difficult things that a parent has to go through, but it helps you to appreciate what you have been given and makes a stronger person within the child and the parents. Work Cited American Association of Premature Infants 6 June 2000

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Write a criteria section for a feasibility study Article

Write a criteria section for a feasibility study - Article Example Availability of manpower- every renovation process requires manpower to carry out. It therefore imperative to look into such criteria as the process will majorly be dependent on. Different times of the calendar year present different opportunities for the manpower to be available. This will determine the speed at which the renovation of the bathrooms is carried in the institution without interfering with the study work of the students while also taking into account the benefits that would come as a result of this action. More manpower will ensure that the renovation is done very fast so that it may not have too much portion of the students’ time. It is therefore appealing to carry out this task during the holidays when there will be enough manpower to accomplish the mission. Cost of renovation- it is always considered economically healthy to weigh the cost that is expected to be incurred during any system change so as to determine how viable it is to take such actions. This will help evaluate economic implications of renovation. However, this institution is not majorly concerned about the cost of renovation as it seeks to improve on the quality of service it offers students with respect to bathroom standards. Renovation is found to cheaper than reconstruction thus a viable alternative. This will ensure the students get comfortable accommodation which is also the main goal of my client. Adaptability to the new system- it is always paramount to check whether the new system will make the life of its users easier than the old system and how fast they can adapt to it. However, the renovation is only aimed at improving on the existing bathrooms. Therefore the systems would easily to adaptable by the students thus improving the accommodation services they are rendered thus offer comfortable accommodations to students. Consistency to the goals of the organization- the main

Open Topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Open Topic - Research Paper Example Do the benefits of transporting hazardous material by rail outweigh the costs and damage on the environment? The following study into quantitative and ecological risk analysis of the transportation of hazardous chemicals by train across the United States. The study employs findings and conclusions made by former literature conducted over the effects of transporting hazardous material by rail and the environment. The study also analyses geographic data surrounding rail systems in the United States involved with transporting hazardous contents. Ecological features of these surroundings build towards probabilistic approximations of exposure to various spill cases the history of America’s rail system. This risk analysis integrated approximated cleanup expenses that accrued, effect of dispute on the distribution of soil, underground water, the contributions of yearly traffic, the rates of accidents, and deployed safety measures. A number of factors influence the risk and scale of the criticality of the consequence of spilling hazardous material on the environment during transportation by rail. First, the difference in safety performance of the standard tank cabin layouts is a significant risk factor (Anand et al., 2006). The higher the difference in cabin miles among various hazardous materials, and the difference in yearly accident-induced spill rate. Second, in approximating the effect expenses, hazardous substances that dissolve less in water incur more soil and groundwater cleanup expenses due to longer remediation periods (Xie et al., 2012). Third, in approximating the evacuation expenses, hazardous material moved along routes with more populations incur more evacuation expenses. Lastly, scheduled delay expenses may range from 3 to 8% of the entire effects costs in contrast to from 76 to 88% of cleaning up hazardous substances spilled into the soil and groundwater (Spraggins, 2011). The